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''[[Canada|Canada]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[New Brunswick|New Brunswick]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[New_Brunswick_Emigration_and_Immigration|Emigration and Immigration]]''
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== Loyalists ==
===Online Resources===
*[https://irishnb.outreachproductions.net/ Online Listing of 1500 of the first families to arrive in New Brunswick.]
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/PassengerLists/NameIndex.aspx?culture=en-CA Passenger Lists, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick]
*[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/48267/ The Old United Empire Loyalists List], index
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/431735?availability=Family%20History%20Library A List of passengers landing in ships in the Maritime provinces]
*[http://new-brunswick.net/nbgenlinks/ Ships Lists & Voyages ~ pre1830, New Brunswick GenLinks]
*'''1772-1775''' [http://www.libris.ca/yrkfam/yrkfam.htm Yorkshire Immigrants to New Brunswick, 1772-1775], index
*'''1785''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/42215?availability=Family%20History%20Library Return of Loyalists settled in various parts of New Brunswick in the year 1785 : apparently compiled in connection with an investigation into the accounts paid out by the government in behalf of the Loyalists]  This manuscript is from the collection known as the Winslow Papers. Part of this collection was published under the title, the Winslow Papers, edited by W. O. Raymond, but this manuscript was not included. Includes index.
*'''1815, 1832, 1833-1834 & 1837-1838''' [http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/passengerlists/saintjohnindex.shtml Saint John, N.B. Customs House Passenger Lists 1815, 1832, 1833-1834 & 1837-1838]
*'''1816-1838''' [http://archives.gnb.ca/Search/VISSE/Default.aspx?culture=en-CA Provincial Archives of New Brunswick Port Returns - Including Passenger Lists, 1816-1838]
*'''1816-1858''' [https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/TeachersPetition/SearchIndexes.aspx?culture=en-CA Teacher Petitions Index], index and images<br>
*'''1834''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6110 New Brunswick, Canada, Passenger Lists: 1834] ($)
*'''1841-1849''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48480 Irish Emigration to New England through the Port of Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, 1841 to 1849] ($)
*'''1847-1856''' [https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/Fitzwilliam/Search.aspx?culture=en-CA Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856 Database]
*'''1851, 1861''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/new-brunswick-canada-irish-immigrants-in-the-new-brunswick-census-of-1851-and-1861-index-1851-1861 New Brunswick, Canada, Irish Immigrants In The New Brunswick Census Of 1851 and 1861 Index, 1851, 1861], index($)
*'''1865-1922''' [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/passenger-lists/passenger-lists-1865-1922/Pages/introduction.aspx Passenger Lists, 1865-1922] Index and images. Library and Archives Canada
*'''1865-1922''' [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/passenger-lists/passenger-lists-quebec-port-1865-1900/Pages/introduction.aspx Passenger Lists for the Port of Quebec City and Other Ports, 1865-1922], index and images. Library and Archives Canada
*'''1881-1922''' {{RecordSearch|1823240|Canada Passenger Lists, 1881-1922}}, index and images.
*'''1895-1956''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1803785 United States Border Crossings from Canada to United States, 1895-1956], index.
*'''1895-1954''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2185163 Vermont, St. Albans Canadian Border Crossings, 1895-1954], index and images.
*'''1895-1924''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/452594?availability=Family%20History%20Library Vermont, Passenger Lists, 1895-1924]
*'''1900-1922, 1925-1935''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1043075?availability=Family%20History%20Library Ships' passenger lists for Canada, 1900-1922, 1925-1935]
*'''1908-1918''' [https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/microform-digitization/006003-110.02-e.php?&q2=30&interval=50&sk=0&&PHPSESSID=77r1u66jibc690b1urournvv32 Border Entry, 1908-1918], images
*'''1913-1918''' [https://sites.rootsweb.com/~cansk/bordercrossing/CanadabordercrossingsGrandFallsNB.html Report of Admissions at the Port of Grand Falls, New Brunswick 1913 - 1918]
*'''1917-1942''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/3325322?availability=Family%20History%20Library United States, border crossing from Canada to United States, New Brunswick, Records of Aliens Pre-Examined at Saint John, New Brunswick, Prior to Admission at the U.S.-Canada Border, 1917-1942], index and images.
*'''1919-1924''' [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/mass-digitized-archives/border-entry/Pages/border-entry.aspx#anc3 Border Entry, Form 30, 1919-1924], images
*'''1919-1924''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1107802?availability=Family%20History%20Library Immigration Form 30A, ocean arrivals, 1919-1924], index and images.
*'''1925-1935''' [https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/passenger-lists-border-entry-1925-1935/Pages/introduction.aspx Passenger Lists and Border Entries, 1925-1935 - Nominal Indexes], Library and Archives Canada
*'''1925-1935''' [https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/microform-digitization/006003-110.02-e.php?&q2=31&interval=50&sk=0&&PHPSESSID=rgi7t06a60or2jdheocn6v65f4 Border Entry, 1925-1935], images
<br>


=== A Cautionary Tale  ===
'''See also, individual online lists found in [[New Brunswick Emigration and Immigration#Provincial Secretary Administration Records|'''Provincial Secretary Administration Records.''']]
 
Because of their numbers, influence and positions of power in the new Colony of New Brunswick, the Loyalist myths have tended to overshadow the tales of earlier settlers. Though the Yorkshire immigrants remembered their origins, Planters from New England and Loyalists, often from the same places, got mixed in many people’s historical thinking. In the Dominion of Canada, Ontario had made “Loyalist descent” desirable and the thinking spread to the Maritimes. Be very suspicious of 19th century biographies of prominent men that claim “Loyalist descent.” It was a politically correct claim, made by many, but not necessarily true. Here is a real-life example to serve both as a warning, and as a guide to documenting early settlers. A longer version was published in ''The Loyalist Gazette'', Fall 1995, pages 7-8.
 
When I started checking my family tree for a Loyalist to justify my UL, I worked backward from my grandfather, Adelbert Cavour Chapman. I found an entry for him in ''Prominent People of the Maritime Provinces:''
 
:''Chapman, Adelbert Cavour, Manufacturer, Born Dorchester, New Brunswick., Oct.25, 1860, son of Robert A. and Mary Elizabeth (Frost) Chapman. Married P. Althea Cleveland, October 24, 1883; two sons, two daughters.'' (page 34).
 
For his father, Robert Andrew Chapman, I found an entry in ''A Cyclopedia of Canadian Biography'':
 
:''Chapman, Robert Andrew, was born in Dorchester, county of Westmorland, New Brunswick, on the 2nd of February, 1835, where he has resided ever since. His father was Robert B. Chapman, and his mother, Margaret Weldon. Both Mr. Chapman’s great-grandfather and grandfather emigrated from Yorkshire, England, in l775. Margaret Weldon’s grandfather on the paternal side, came to America from North Allerton, Yorkshire, in 1770, and her ancestors on the maternal side—the Killams—were United Empire Loyalists''. (page 263)
 
That surprised me a little, but perhaps here was my loyalist. Checking further I found an entry for an Amasa Emerson Killam in ''A Cyclopedia'' (page 398) that also claimed the Killams were Loyalists. The ''Biographical Review—Province of New Brunswick'' (pages 34-37) contains a longer pedigree for Amasa Emerson Killam, showing his father as a grandson of Amasa Killam, explaining that “Amasa Killam was an officer in the English Army and served during the American Revolution. At the close of that he was stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died while on garrison duty.” <br>
 
Here are Loyalist claims made by two branches of the Killam family, one of them repeating it with impressive details, though no proof. However, the Killam family is not listed by Esther Clark Wright in The ''Loyalists of New Brunswick''. On the other hand, ''Planters and Pioneers: Nova Scotia, 1749 to 1775'', lists two Killam families, one being Amasa Killam (Kellam, Killum) of Sackville. The town book for Sackville Township<ref>LAC, MG9 A12 vol.6 (mf.C3201), Page 73.</ref> lists the family of Amasa Killam:
 
:''John Killam was born in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island the 8th day of March l758. This was a son Killam had by his first wife. Captain Amasa Killam and Elizabeth Emerson was joined in marriage.''
 
No marriage date given and it continues with a list of their seven children born in the township with birth dates. In 1851 one of their daughters, Elizabeth (née Killam) Weldon told the census taker she was age 81 and born in the Province, which agrees with her birthdate in 1770 as given in the town book. It also agrees with the 1770 census of the Township of Sackville<ref>''Report of the Public Archives of Nova Scotia'' (1934), Appendix B.</ref> which lists Amasa Killam [Amava Kellum] as head of a household of seven. Moreover, the Indexes to Nova Scotia Crown Land Grants<ref>PANS, RG20 Ser.A, Vol.12, Books 6 and 7.</ref> show large grants to Amasa and Superam Killan [sic] dated 1765.<br> <br>So, Amasa Killam was a Planter, and a resident of Nova Scotia well before the Revolution. In W. C. Milner’s ''History of Sackville New Brunswick'' I found a curious comment “A lot at Crane’s Corner had been owned by Amasa Kellam, who being mixed up with the Eddy War, his property was confiscated and sold at auction and purchased by his son-in-law, Atkinson.” (page 45)
 
Participation in the Eddy Rebellion was a sensitive subject in 19th century Nova Scotia. Richard John Uniacke was arrested for his support of Jonathan Eddy, but in time became Attorney General of Nova Scotia. Not surprisingly, almost no records of that abortive little rebellion are to be found in the Archives of Nova Scotia. However, I turned up a warrant for the arrest of Jonathan Eddy and 26 others “late of Cumberland”, issued April 28, l777. <ref>PANS, RG39, Series "C", Box 17.</ref>
 
Among those listed is Amos Kellum (or Kethum). The annotation on the back, stating that most of the wanted men were not to be found, spells the name Amos Kellam. There being no other Killam/Kellum family in the area at that time, it almost certainly refers to Amasa; remember we are now back in a time of phonetic spelling, when people who could write wrote down what they heard, or thought they heard, spelling a name as it sounded.
 
Next, in volume 9 (Kab-Lus)''Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolutionary War'' (l902), page 70, I found:
 
:''Kellum, Amasa. Courier; pay roll of field and Staff officers and other persons serving under Col. John Allan and stationed at Machias for its defence; entered service June 1, l778; discharged July 8, l778, served 1 month 8 days.''
 
I have found no record of Amasa Killam’s death at the Citadel in Halifax, and in light of the Cumberland warrant, he could hardly have been serving with the British Army. Rather, as a rebel “courier” he may have been captured, as Uniacke was, and placed under arrest there. If he had been executed for treason, some record ought to exist, but if he happened to die while in custody he may have been buried with little ceremony. Administration of Amasa Killam’s estate<ref>PANS, Record Book A, Cumberland County, Abstract of Wills, pages 17, 18, 19. (mfm.19,256 "Early Cumberland Wills")</ref> was granted his widow, Elizabeth Killam on May 24, l779. The inventory shows a “Balance in favour of the Heirs” of £287.17.10. of which £200 represented the value of 1,350 acres of land. There is no reference to Amasa being “Captain,” or to Halifax as the place of death.  
 
Elizabeth (''née'' Emmerson) Killam’s family must have rallied round to help her retain the property and sometime after 1781 she married as his second wife the Yorkshireman, John Wheldon. Her daughter, Elizabeth Killam, married John’s son, Andrew Dale Weldon, becoming the grandparents of Robert Andrew Chapman. Perhaps I could use that ancestry to join the Daughters of the American Revolution, but I have a better line through Robert Andrew’s father-in-law, Shepherd Johnson Frost, architect, millwright, American and bigamist.
 
And my Loyalist ancestor? He was on my father’s side of the family, one Robert Forsyth, who petitioned and received land on the Mirimichi, abducted Jane Martin thus becoming a defendant in the first case heard by Northumberland County Court of Quarter Sessions, and raised a family of at least 9 children. The family, and the sources of information are detailed by W.D. Hamilton in''Old North Esk Revised'', pages 154-155.
 
{{Note|A number of Maritimers can probably trace descent from a Loyalist as well as a participant in the American Revolution, and some can even find an ancestor who really did come over on the Mayflower. Proving it can be far more difficult.}}
 
<br>
 
=== Loyalists  ===
 
=== The Revolution Ends 1776-1783<br>  ===
 
When the American War of Independence ended there were refugees, citizens who had supported the losing side, or were perceived by their neighbours to have done so. From 1776 onwards, some were driven out and some fled, seeking refuge in British territory, determined to remain loyal to Great Britain, or so they say in their many petitions and claims for compensation.
 
Throughout the rebellion in the North American Colonies, Nova Scotia had remained more or less loyal to Britain, though many of the inhabitants had come from New England, and had friends and family still living there. The Eddy Rebellion was a minor incident, though the seige of Fort Cumberland did leave some hard feelings against the British Army, who had burnt a number of homes.
 
=== The Boat People Arrive  ===
 
However, in 1783 the country’s first “boat people” arrived on the shores of Nova Scotia, most evacuated by the British from the New York area, though their homes may originally have been in other colonies. They came by boat, and that meant that unlike those who fled overland to Québec (part of which would become Ontario), some brought a number of personal possessions with them. Quite a lot of silver tableware and mahogany furniture managed to survive the first primitive years in the wilderness, or so families’ legends tell us.
 
British officials had been making some preparations for this influx, though not enough. There was unsettled land north of the Bay of Fundy and so, on April 16, 1783 so-called “Spring Fleet” of twenty transports sailed from New York, arriving at the mouth of the St. John River in early May. The exact day is disputed by historians but since the majority only disembarked on the 18th that date was later chosen as “Loyalist Day.” The influx had begun and as a result, in August 1784, Nova Scotia was split into three colonies (Cape Breton only lasted for a generation) but New Brunswick would become a province of Canada in less than a century.
 
==== Lists of Loyalists  ====
 
Esther Clark Wright’s 365 page book, ''The Loyalists of New Brunswick'', recounts the whole story in great detail. This book is where you start. She prints names given in several source documents, and at the end, a 90 page (in very small type) list of some 6,000.<ref>See page 166: "The list has been carefully screened to delete Pre-Loyalists, Captains of Transports, Nova Scotia Loyalists who had grants on the St. John River but remained on the south side of the Bay of Fundy, officers who had grants with their regiments but were not present in the province.  Disbanded soldiers are not included unless there is some trace of their having actually been present in the province.</ref> “The New Brunswick Loyalists,” giving the names of heads of families or single men of eighteen and upwards, then if the information was obtainable, their former homes, service during the Revolution, their first grant, and subsequent grants and/or place of residence.
 
Her interest was demographic and Dr. Wright warns researchers about the 1785 muster by Thomas Knox, explaining “Knox’s list was confined to the Passamaquoddy and St. John River districts.”
 
There was no mention of the Mirimichi, the Petitcodiac, the Memramcook, nor the Tantramar districts, which all had Loyalist settlers. The distribution shown contains many surprises. The population of the Passamaquoddy Bay area was nearly as great as that of the City of Saint John, and almost one fifth of the total. There were more Loyalists on the Kennebecasis, the Bellisle, and the part of the St. John River between, than in the City of Saint John, and twice as many as in Queens County. Maugerville had nearly as many Loyalists as St. Ann’s and its adjacent lots (Mill to Phyllis’s Creek) [now Fredericton]. (page 107)
 
Dr. Wright, you remember, wrote histories of the three main river systems and you can trust her advice on where to look for Loyalists. In Chapter Ten she discusses where, when and why they settled in various locations.
 
For maps, see ''Volume I, Historical Atlas of Canada: From the Beginning to 1800'', Plate 32, the later 18th century settlement, mostly by Loyalists. “The Coming of the Loyalists''”'', plate 7 in ''Volume II, Historical Atlas of Canada: The Land Transformed, 1800-1891'', gives further details of their settlement. As you can see, the Loyalists clustered in the south west quarter of the province, with only a few in the south east, and some on the Mirimichi, probably lured there by the tall pines that the British Navy needed for masts.<br>
 
Two hundred years after the First Fleet arrived, Sharon M. Dubeau compiled her researches in ''New Brunswick Loyalists: A Bicentennial Tribute'' (Agincourt, Ontario: Generation Press, 1983). Terence Punch reviewed it for ''Canadian Genealogist'' (Vol. 5, No. 3, October 1983, page 184), and reports “she does not weigh down the book with yet another potted history of the Loyalists”. The book provides “accurate, brief yet comprehensive accounts of many of the Loyalist settlers of a province,” though he also points out some errors and omissions. If she caught your Loyalist in her research, the book will tell you more than Dr. Wright, but she only lists some 1200 names.
 
Sharon Dubeau missed my Loyalist, Robert Forsyth, who ended up on the Mirimichi, but he is in Dr. Wright’s list of “New Brunswick Loyalists,” probably because of his petition in PANB documenting his Loyalist status. Nevertheless, Dubeau’s book is a '''must''' for Loyalist research.
 
The United Empire Loyalist Association of Canada, Sir Guy Carleton Branch, Ottawa, have produced “A select index to the names of Loyalists and their associates contained in the British Headquarters Papers, New York City 1774-1783 (The Carleton Papers)” a database of 54,658 records, originally issued on 3.5” high density diskettes, now available on CD-ROM.
 
{{Note|the “select” and remember these names would be the people who were in and around New York.}}<ref>Douglas, Althea. "New Brunswick Loyalist Settlers and Records (National Institute)," ''The National Institute for Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/New_Brunswick_Loyalist_Settlers_and_Records_%28National_Institute%29.</ref>


== Canadian Border Crossing Records  ==
== Canadian Border Crossing Records  ==
Line 83: Line 48:


In 1895, Canadian shipping companies agreed to make manifests of passengers traveling to the United States. The Canadian government allowed U.S. immigration officials to inspect those passengers while they were still in Canada. The U.S. immigration officials also inspected train passengers traveling from Canada to the United States. The U.S. officials worked at Canadian seaports and major cities like Québec and Winnipeg. The manifests from every seaport and emigration station in Canada were sent to St. Albans, Vermont.  
In 1895, Canadian shipping companies agreed to make manifests of passengers traveling to the United States. The Canadian government allowed U.S. immigration officials to inspect those passengers while they were still in Canada. The U.S. immigration officials also inspected train passengers traveling from Canada to the United States. The U.S. officials worked at Canadian seaports and major cities like Québec and Winnipeg. The manifests from every seaport and emigration station in Canada were sent to St. Albans, Vermont.  
===Contents===
{| class="wikitable" width="auto"
! Title of Collection !! NARA Microfilm (# Rolls) !! FS Library (Starting Roll#) !! Type !! Special Conditions
|-
| Soundex Index to Canadian Border Entries through the St. Albans, Vermont, District, 1895-1924 || M1461 (400 rolls. Missing roll 218) || {{FSC|452590|item|disp=1472801}} || Index || Soundex name index to entries at ports along the border and Great Lakes. Includes<br> • ALL manifest lists from 1895-1917.<br> • After June 1917, includes only arrivals east of North Dakota-Montana state line. Anyone entering west of this state line after 1917 was filed in Seattle.<br> • 1915 to 1924 indexes cover ports east of Buffalo, New York only.<br> In most cases, an original manifest exists. Some index cards are the only record of crossing, with no original manifest.
|-
| Alphabetical Index to Canadian Border Entries through Small Ports in Vermont, 1895-1924 || M1462 (6 rolls) || {{FSC|452594|item|disp=1430987}} || Index || Arranged alphabetically by ports of entry, all in Vermont. Especially useful for identifying Canadians who settled in the New England area.
|-
| Soundex Index to Entries into the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1924-1952 || M1463 (98 rolls) || {{FSC|452590|item|disp=1570714}} || Index || Includes border crossings in New York and Vermont area.
|-
| Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1895-1954 || M1464 (640 rolls) || {{FSC|452590|item|disp=1561087}} || Original manifests || Manifests indexed by the above Soundex indexes. These forms were completed when the immigrant entered the U.S. through a border port station. Most European immigrants will be found in these lists.
|-
| Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific Ports, 1929-1949 || M1465 (25 rolls) || {{FSC|452590|item|disp=1549387}} || Original manifests || Supplement to the above manifests. These manifests list travelers to the United States from Canadian Pacific seaports only.
|-
| Card Manifests (Alphabetical) of Individuals Entering through the Port of Detroit, Michigan, 1906-1954 || M1478, M1479 (140 rolls) || {{FSC|484198|item|disp=1490449}} || Original card manifests || Original card manifests, arranged alphabetically, for Michigan ports of entry only: Bay City, Detroit, Port Huron, Sault Sainte Marie (117 rolls).<br>An additional 23 rolls Include passenger and alien crew lists of vessels arriving in Detroit, 1946 to 1957.
|}
==Provincial Archives of New Brunswick==
The major port for the maritime provinces has always been Halifax, Nova Scotia. As with the rest of eastern Canada, New Brunswick has a few scattered ship lists for the period before 1865. The few ship lists from the Acadian period can be found at the Acadian Center, Moncton University. There are a few British ship lists from about 1815 to 1860 on microfilm reels F-1697 and F-1698 at the National Archives of Canada.


The Family History Library has copies of both kinds of manifests. Because the manifests were sent to St. Albans, Vermont, they are called St. Albans District Manifest Records of Aliens Arriving from Foreign Contiguous Territory. Despite the name, the manifests are actually from seaports and railroad stations all over Canada and the northern United States, not just Vermont.
The Provincial Archives has recently indexed a series of passenger lists. The sub-series RS23E consists of the passenger lists. These lists are for the following ports and years:


'''Border Crossing Manifests.''' Manifests may include each passenger's name, port or station of entry, date of entry, literacy, last residence, previous visits to the United States, and birthplace. The manifests are reproduced in two series:
*St. John—1816, 1833, 1834, 1838
 
*St. Andrews—1837, 1838
''Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1895–January 1921.'' (608 rolls;&nbsp;Family History Library&nbsp;films {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=1561087–499}}.) Includes records from seaports and railroad stations all over Canada and the northern United States. These manifests provide two types of lists:
*Bathurst—1837
 
===Provincial Secretary Administration Records===
*Traditional passenger lists on U.S. immigration forms.
*Monthly lists of passengers crossing the border on trains.
 
These lists are divided by month. In each month, the records are grouped by railroad station. (The stations are listed in alphabetical order.) Under the station, the passengers are grouped by railroad company.
 
''Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific Ports, 1929–1949''. (25 rolls;&nbsp;Family History Library&nbsp;films {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=1549387–411}}.) Travel to the United States from Canadian Pacific seaports only.
 
'''Border Crossing Indexes.''' In many cases, index cards were the only records kept of the crossings. These cards are indexed in four publications:
 
*''Soundex Index to Canadian Border Entries through the St. Albans, Vermont, District, 1895–1924''. (400 rolls;&nbsp;Family&nbsp;History Library&nbsp;films {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=1472801–3201}}.)


The [[Soundex|Soundex]] is a surname index based on the way a name sounds rather than how it is spelled. Names like Smith and Smyth are filed together.  
"For those hoping to use this series to find a particular ancestor, they are likely to be disappointed for these records do not contain many lists of immigrants (although there are a few, which are noted).  If, however, the researcher is interested in documenting the experiences and plight of their ancestors who were involved in the several waves of immigration, this series is will prove valuable.  From violations of the Passenger Act to disease and death in the Immigrant Station at Partridge Island, this series is noteworthy for the amount of detail it contains regarding the conditions of the immigrants, especially those from Ireland, on their arrival in New Brunswick.  As well, there is a fairly detailed record of the passenger ships which arrived in the peak years of 1814 to 1867.<ref>"Provincial Secretary Administration Records", Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/FindingAid.aspx?culture=en-CA#B1a3a3, accessed 13 November 2020.</ref>
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16224&S=1003&E=1009 Report on Nicholson, Breen, Collins, Macan, and McGuire Families, Irish Immigrants in York and Carleton Counties, c. 1847], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16224&S=1011&E=1039 Report on Immigration Settlements in New Brunswick; 1863 (provides name, county of settlement, the number of acres, the year of survey, rough estimate of number of settlers as of 1863)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=0173&E=0207 List of Patients at Emigrants Hospital in Saint John; 1847-1849 (includes name of patient, age, county of birth, date of death or discharge, name of ship, point of sailing, when arrived)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=0210&E=0287 Catalogues of Immigrants Relieved on Poor and Immigrant Accounts; 1842  (includes name, age, county of birth, number in family, to what place removed from Saint John, names of deceased indigent immigrants, and place of internment)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=0289&E=0349 General Accounts for Support of Distressed Immigrants, Parish of Saint John, 1829-1830, 1835, 1855  (not as detailed as the catalogues above but do contain some names)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=0351&E=0402 Accounts for Support of Black Refugees, Parish of Portland, 1827-1829, 1831, 1835 (contain names)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=0404&E=0503 Accounts For Support of Distressed Immigrants, Parish of Portland; 1827-1829, 1831, 1835, 1841 (contains names)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16227&S=0060&E=0095 Accounts for Support of Distressed Immigrants; 1828-1829, 1845-1853 (contain some names), York County], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16227&S=0108&E=0111 Petition of James Taylor of Fredericton Relating to Scottish Settlers Arrived on the "Favorite", c.1817.], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=1091&E=1094 Passenger List for the "Thetis"; 1837], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=1131&E=1198 Correspondence Relating to Diseased Passengers on the "Eliza Liddel"; 1847-1848 (includes passenger list)], images
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/Documents.aspx?culture=en-CA&F=16226&S=1200&E=1204 List of Patients in Immigrants Hospital at Shippegan, 1847], images
===Newspapers===
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/Newspapers/FullText.aspx?culture=en-CA Newspapers, PANB]  Use full-text search to find names of people mentioned in articles.
===Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856===
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/Fitzwilliam/Search.aspx?culture=en-CA Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856 Database], index<br>
In reaction to the Potato Famine many landlords in Ireland evicted impoverished tenants, enabling them to be rid of the encumbrance these people could become on their already struggling estates. Some landlords, hoping for a more humane way to ease the burden looked to assisted emigration, sending surplus tenants overseas with incentives.


*''Soundex Index to Entries into the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1924–1952''. (98 rolls;&nbsp;Family History Library&nbsp;films {{FHL|452590|title-id|disp=1570714–811}}.)
In the years between 1847 and 1856 nearly 6000 “surplus” or unviable tenants from the Fitzwilliam Estate, County Wicklow, Ireland were sent across the Atlantic to Canada. The estate was over 85,000 acres, covering one-fifth of the entire county of Wicklow and had more than 20,000 tenants. 383 of these tenants were sent to St. Andrews, New Brunswick on the Star, their voyage funded by their landlord. They had been promised three months’ work on railroad construction in New Brunswick, after which they might be kept on. In comparison to the vast majority of famine emigrants, they appear to have been in an enviable position. However, they were received by an ill equipped emigrant welfare system and a railway company unprepared for their numbers. The experience of these emigrants highlights the inadequacies and conditions they met with upon starting a new life in New Brunswick, including periods of continued destitution and reliance on the province for support. Yet, despite these issues a large number of Star immigrants remained in and contributed to St. Andrews and the surrounding area with lasting results. This database contains the records of those families who left the Fitzwilliam Estate on the Star during these clearances.<ref>"Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856", PANB, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/Fitzwilliam/?culture=en-CA, accessed 13 November 2020.</ref>
*''St. Albans District Manifest Records of Aliens Arriving from Foreign Contiguous Territory: Records of Arrivals through Small Ports in Vermont, 1895–1924''. (6 rolls; Family History Library films {{FHL|452594|title-id|disp=1430987–92}}.) The records are arranged first by port and then alphabetically by surname. Only from Vermont ports of entry: Alburg, Beecher Falls, Canaan, Highgate Springs, Island Pond, Norton, Richford, St. Albans, and Swanton.
===Irish Teacher Petitions, 1816-1858===
*''Detroit District Manifest Records of Aliens Arriving from Foreign Contiguous Territory: Arrivals at Detroit, Michigan, 1906–1954.'' (117 rolls; Family History Library films {{FHL|484198|title-id|disp=1490449–565}}.) Only from Michigan ports of entry: Bay City, Detroit, Port Huron, and Sault Ste. Marie.
*[https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/TeachersPetition/SearchIndexes.aspx?culture=en-CA Teacher Petitions Index], index and images<br>
Irish immigrants in New Brunswick taught in one-third of New Brunswick schools by the mid nineteenth century, the majority quickly becoming licensed teachers shortly after their arrival and remaining in the profession. Teachers’ petitions from Irish immigrants requesting a license or payment for teaching services contain biographical information including '''names, country of birth, education, teaching experience, church affiliation, samples of handwriting and certificates from local school trustees or clergymen verifying the character and abilities of the petitioner.'''


The major port for the maritime provinces has always been Halifax, Nova Scotia. As with the rest of eastern Canada, New Brunswick has a few scattered ship lists for the period before 1865. The few ship lists from the Acadian period can be found at the Acadian Center, Moncton University. There are a few British ship lists from about 1815 to 1860 on microfilm reels F-1697 and F-1698 at the National Archives of Canada.  
The records gathered here comprise 509 of these petitions and copies of licenses or certifications '''from 1816-1858 declaring the petitioner’s country of birth to be Ireland.''' These Irish records represent a small portion of the 6645 teachers’ petitions which exist in RS655 Teachers’ Petitions and Licences, 1812-1882. Researchers should be aware that documentation on other Irish teachers no doubt exist in RS655 but only those records which state that the individual originated from Ireland are included here.<ref>"Teacher Petition Database", PANB, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/TeachersPetition/Default.aspx?culture=en-CA, accessed 13 November 2020.</ref>


The Provincial Archives has recently indexed a series of passenger lists. The sub-series RS23E consists of the passenger lists. These lists are for the following ports and years:
== References  ==


*St. John—1816, 1833, 1834, 1838
{{reflist}}
*St. Andrews—1837, 1838
*Bathurst—1837


{{New Brunswick}}  
{{New Brunswick}}  


[[Category:New_Brunswick]]
[[Category:New_Brunswick_Emigration_and_Immigration]]

Latest revision as of 16:06, 21 June 2023

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See also, individual online lists found in Provincial Secretary Administration Records.

Canadian Border Crossing Records

The United States kept records of people crossing the border from Canada to the United States. These records are called border crossing lists, passenger lists, or manifests. There are two kinds of manifests:

  • Manifests of people sailing from Canada to the United States.
  • Manifests of people traveling by train from Canada to the United States.

In 1895, Canadian shipping companies agreed to make manifests of passengers traveling to the United States. The Canadian government allowed U.S. immigration officials to inspect those passengers while they were still in Canada. The U.S. immigration officials also inspected train passengers traveling from Canada to the United States. The U.S. officials worked at Canadian seaports and major cities like Québec and Winnipeg. The manifests from every seaport and emigration station in Canada were sent to St. Albans, Vermont.

Contents

Title of Collection NARA Microfilm (# Rolls) FS Library (Starting Roll#) Type Special Conditions
Soundex Index to Canadian Border Entries through the St. Albans, Vermont, District, 1895-1924 M1461 (400 rolls. Missing roll 218) 1472801 Index Soundex name index to entries at ports along the border and Great Lakes. Includes
• ALL manifest lists from 1895-1917.
• After June 1917, includes only arrivals east of North Dakota-Montana state line. Anyone entering west of this state line after 1917 was filed in Seattle.
• 1915 to 1924 indexes cover ports east of Buffalo, New York only.
In most cases, an original manifest exists. Some index cards are the only record of crossing, with no original manifest.
Alphabetical Index to Canadian Border Entries through Small Ports in Vermont, 1895-1924 M1462 (6 rolls) 1430987 Index Arranged alphabetically by ports of entry, all in Vermont. Especially useful for identifying Canadians who settled in the New England area.
Soundex Index to Entries into the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1924-1952 M1463 (98 rolls) 1570714 Index Includes border crossings in New York and Vermont area.
Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific and Atlantic Ports, 1895-1954 M1464 (640 rolls) 1561087 Original manifests Manifests indexed by the above Soundex indexes. These forms were completed when the immigrant entered the U.S. through a border port station. Most European immigrants will be found in these lists.
Manifests of Passengers Arriving in the St. Albans, Vermont, District through Canadian Pacific Ports, 1929-1949 M1465 (25 rolls) 1549387 Original manifests Supplement to the above manifests. These manifests list travelers to the United States from Canadian Pacific seaports only.
Card Manifests (Alphabetical) of Individuals Entering through the Port of Detroit, Michigan, 1906-1954 M1478, M1479 (140 rolls) 1490449 Original card manifests Original card manifests, arranged alphabetically, for Michigan ports of entry only: Bay City, Detroit, Port Huron, Sault Sainte Marie (117 rolls).
An additional 23 rolls Include passenger and alien crew lists of vessels arriving in Detroit, 1946 to 1957.

Provincial Archives of New Brunswick

The major port for the maritime provinces has always been Halifax, Nova Scotia. As with the rest of eastern Canada, New Brunswick has a few scattered ship lists for the period before 1865. The few ship lists from the Acadian period can be found at the Acadian Center, Moncton University. There are a few British ship lists from about 1815 to 1860 on microfilm reels F-1697 and F-1698 at the National Archives of Canada.

The Provincial Archives has recently indexed a series of passenger lists. The sub-series RS23E consists of the passenger lists. These lists are for the following ports and years:

  • St. John—1816, 1833, 1834, 1838
  • St. Andrews—1837, 1838
  • Bathurst—1837

Provincial Secretary Administration Records

"For those hoping to use this series to find a particular ancestor, they are likely to be disappointed for these records do not contain many lists of immigrants (although there are a few, which are noted). If, however, the researcher is interested in documenting the experiences and plight of their ancestors who were involved in the several waves of immigration, this series is will prove valuable. From violations of the Passenger Act to disease and death in the Immigrant Station at Partridge Island, this series is noteworthy for the amount of detail it contains regarding the conditions of the immigrants, especially those from Ireland, on their arrival in New Brunswick. As well, there is a fairly detailed record of the passenger ships which arrived in the peak years of 1814 to 1867.[1]

Newspapers

  • Newspapers, PANB Use full-text search to find names of people mentioned in articles.

Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856

In reaction to the Potato Famine many landlords in Ireland evicted impoverished tenants, enabling them to be rid of the encumbrance these people could become on their already struggling estates. Some landlords, hoping for a more humane way to ease the burden looked to assisted emigration, sending surplus tenants overseas with incentives.

In the years between 1847 and 1856 nearly 6000 “surplus” or unviable tenants from the Fitzwilliam Estate, County Wicklow, Ireland were sent across the Atlantic to Canada. The estate was over 85,000 acres, covering one-fifth of the entire county of Wicklow and had more than 20,000 tenants. 383 of these tenants were sent to St. Andrews, New Brunswick on the Star, their voyage funded by their landlord. They had been promised three months’ work on railroad construction in New Brunswick, after which they might be kept on. In comparison to the vast majority of famine emigrants, they appear to have been in an enviable position. However, they were received by an ill equipped emigrant welfare system and a railway company unprepared for their numbers. The experience of these emigrants highlights the inadequacies and conditions they met with upon starting a new life in New Brunswick, including periods of continued destitution and reliance on the province for support. Yet, despite these issues a large number of Star immigrants remained in and contributed to St. Andrews and the surrounding area with lasting results. This database contains the records of those families who left the Fitzwilliam Estate on the Star during these clearances.[2]

Irish Teacher Petitions, 1816-1858

Irish immigrants in New Brunswick taught in one-third of New Brunswick schools by the mid nineteenth century, the majority quickly becoming licensed teachers shortly after their arrival and remaining in the profession. Teachers’ petitions from Irish immigrants requesting a license or payment for teaching services contain biographical information including names, country of birth, education, teaching experience, church affiliation, samples of handwriting and certificates from local school trustees or clergymen verifying the character and abilities of the petitioner.

The records gathered here comprise 509 of these petitions and copies of licenses or certifications from 1816-1858 declaring the petitioner’s country of birth to be Ireland. These Irish records represent a small portion of the 6645 teachers’ petitions which exist in RS655 Teachers’ Petitions and Licences, 1812-1882. Researchers should be aware that documentation on other Irish teachers no doubt exist in RS655 but only those records which state that the individual originated from Ireland are included here.[3]

References

  1. ↑ "Provincial Secretary Administration Records", Provincial Archives of New Brunswick, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/ImmigrationRecords/FindingAid.aspx?culture=en-CA#B1a3a3, accessed 13 November 2020.
  2. ↑ "Fitzwilliam Estate Emigration Books, 1847-1856", PANB, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/Fitzwilliam/?culture=en-CA, accessed 13 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "Teacher Petition Database", PANB, https://archives.gnb.ca/Irish/Databases/TeachersPetition/Default.aspx?culture=en-CA, accessed 13 November 2020.
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