Arabic Genealogical Word List: Difference between revisions

From FamilySearch Wiki
VisualWikitext
(→‎General Word List: added new words)
(quick grammar fix)
(24 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 6: Line 6:
| link5=[[Arabic Genealogical Word List|Arabic Genealogical Word List]]
| link5=[[Arabic Genealogical Word List|Arabic Genealogical Word List]]
}}
}}
== Introduction ==
This page contains information on Arabic relevant for genealogists searching records in this language. It includes a basic breakdown of the language and lists of Arabic words with their English transliterations and translations. The words included here are those likely to be found in genealogical sources. For any words not contained in the list, please see "Additional Arabic Language Resources" below for suggestions on dictionaries and websites.
Arabic is a Semitic language and is in the same language family as Hebrew and Aramaic. It is spoken as a first language by almost 300 million people in the Middle East and North Africa<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic, accessed 25 Sep 2024.</ref>  and is commonly learned as a second language, particularly by non-Arab Muslims due to its role as the liturgical language of Islam.
The term "Arabic language" generally refers to both Modern Standard Arabic, the standardized, formal Arabic used for literature and official purposes, including record keeping; and the diverse array of Arabic dialects spoken as a first language at home and in daily life. Arabic dialects are rarely written down, especially in official documents, so this page focuses on Modern Standard Arabic. However, dialects are commonly used in oral histories, so resources for spoken Arabic are included as well.
== Language Characteristics ==


===Arabic Alphabet===
===Arabic Alphabet===
Arabic is written using the Arabic alphabet (Ar: أَبْجَدِيّة) which consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic Alphabet," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet, accessed 29 Aug 2024.</ref> The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, meaning that typically only consonants and long vowels are written, while short vowels are either excluded and inferred by the reader or written as diacritics above or under consonants. The Arabic script is also cursive; most letters connect to the subsequent letter in a word, meaning that most letters vary in form depending on where they fall in a word.
Arabic is written using the Arabic alphabet (Ar: أَبْجَدِيّة) which consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic Alphabet," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet, accessed 29 Aug 2024.</ref> The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, meaning that typically only consonants and long vowels are written, while short vowels are either excluded and inferred by the reader or written as diacritics above or under consonants. The Arabic script is also cursive; most letters connect to the subsequent letter in a word, meaning that most letters vary in form depending on where they fall in a word.
==== Arabic Consonants and Long Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Arabic Consonants and Long Vowels
!Independent Form
!Independent Form
!Initial Form (beginning of a word)
!Initial Form (beginning of a word)
Line 49: Line 39:
|ـثـ
|ـثـ
|ـث
|ـث
|th (similar to "<u>th</u>ank")
|th
|-
|-
|ج
|ج
Line 79: Line 69:
|ـذ
|ـذ
|ـذ
|ـذ
|th, dh (similar to "<u>th</u>is")
|th, dh
|-
|-
|ر
|ر
Line 195: Line 185:
|y
|y
|}
|}
==== Arabic Diacritics ====
Arabic diacritics include short vowels and other symbols written either above or below consonants. Diacritics are rarely used outside of religious texts but are sometimes included to reduce ambiguity.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Diacritic
!Name
!Transliteration
!Characterization
|-
|ــَـ
|فَتْحَة (Fathah)
|a, e
|short vowel
|-
|ــُـ
|ضَمَّة (Dammah)
|u,o
|short vowel
|-
|ــِـ
|كَسْرَة (Kasrah)
|i
|short vowel
|-
|ــْـ
|سُكون (Sukun)
|n/a
|"silencer"; indicates that a consonant is not followed by a vowel sound
|-
|ــّـ
|شَدَّة (Shaddah)
|n/a
|"doubles" consonants, indicates that final consonant of a syllable is the same as the initial consonant of the next syllable
|}
====Additional Letters and Ligatures====
In addition to the standard consonants and vowels of the Arabic alphabet, there are several additional letters and ligatures that are commonly used.
=====Hamza=====
The hamza is an additional consonant described as a glottal stop. This sound is common in English even though it is unwritten, such as the sound at the beginning of "oh" in "uh oh". The hamza changes form depending on its role in the word and the short vowels that come before or after it.  When romanized, hamza is usually depicted as a "'" or "<big>ʾ</big>". This can be confused with the letter 'ayn (ع), which is often romanized as "'" as well, or as the right-facing apostrophe "<big>ʻ</big>". In Arabic, the hamza can appear as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Independent Form'''
!Initial Form
!Medial Form
!Final Form
|-
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|-
|<big>ؤ</big>
|<big>ؤ</big>
|<big>ـؤ</big>
|<big>ـؤ</big>
|-
|<big>ئ</big>
|<big>ئـ</big>
|<big>ـئـ</big>
|<big>ـئ</big>
|-
|<big>أ</big>
|<big>أ</big>
|<big>ـأ</big>
| <big>ـأ</big>
|-
|<big>إ</big>
| <big>إ</big>
|<big>ـإ</big>
|<big>ـإ</big>
|}
=====Taa' Marbuta=====
Taa' marbuta (تاء مربوطة) - literally "tied taa'" appears only at the end of words and primarily indicates a word is grammatically feminine. It indicates an "a" sound at the end of the word is is typically romanized as either "a" or "ah". When the taa' marbuta is the non-final term of an idafa construction it is proncounced as "-at".
{| class="wikitable"
|+Shapes of Taa' Marbuta
!Independent
!Connected
|-
|<big>ة</big>
|<big>ـة</big>
|}
===Handwritten Arabic===
Many historical genealogical records and personal journals in Arabic are handwritten. The diverse styles of Arabic handwriting and their variation from modern fonts can present a challenge to deciphering these records.
'''More Resources:'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDeBlUWuq2k Youtube - How to read HANDWRITTEN Arabic in under 7 minutes - Arabic 101]; this video (with an Islamic slant) provides examples of common differences between handwritten and printed Arabic letters
====Arabic Calligraphy====
The Arabic language boasts a rich history of calligraphy and diverse calligraphic styles. Throughout the Muslim world, Arabic calligraphy has served as a central motif in art and architecture, often adorning mosques, homes, and gathering places as well as books and manuscripts. Various styles of calligraphy have been used in record keeping in different places and time periods in the Arab world, so an understanding of these styles is important for reading these records. Furthermore, modern non-calligraphical handwriting is influenced by different calligraphical styles, and familiarity with one can aid in decoding the other.
=====Styles of Arabic Calligraphy=====
======Kufic (Arabic: الخَطّ الكوفيّ)======
Attributed to Kufa, Iraq - the city from which it derives its name - this style is characterized by "angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation"<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kufic," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic, accessed 15 Oct 2024.</ref>. This script became one of the primary modes of transcribing the Quran during the early Islamic period. There are many variations of the Kufic script with distinctive shapes and patterns. Genealogical researchers are unlikely to encounter records written in this style, except perhaps in stylized titles of documents.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic Wikipedia - Kufic]
*[https://www.baytalfann.com/post/the-art-heritage-of-kufic-script Bayt Al Fann - The Art and Heritage of the Kufic Script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/kufic/ Calligraphy Qalam - Kufic]
======Naskh (Arabic: خَطّ النَسْخ)======
The naskh style of calligraphy is also very ancient, dating back to the first century after the prophet Mohammad. It is characterized by small, rounded letters and is considered the easiest style to read. Naskh is the script primarily used in the Qur'an and has inspired many modern-day Arabic fonts. It is likely to be found in historical documents with printed (as opposed to handwritten) information<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Naskh (script)," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script), accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script) Wikipedia - Naskh (script)]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/naskh/ Calligraphy Qalam - Naskh]
*[https://www.arabic-calligraphy.com/arabic-calligraphy-styles/naskh/ Arabic Calligraphy - Naskh Script]
======Rayhani (Arabic: الخَطّ الريحاني)======
The rayhani style appeared around the 10th Century and is characterized by pointed letters and a pronounced alif-lam shape at the beginning of words. Its use declined in the 17th Century in favor of naskh, so genealogical researchers are unlikely to encounter rayhani in records after that time<ref>Calligraphy Qalam contributors, "Rayhani," in ''Calligraphy Qalam'', https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/rayhani/, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayhani_script Wikipedia - Rayhani script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/rayhani/ Calligraphy Qalam - Rayhani]**[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/images/rayhani/ Images of Rayhani]
======Ruq'ah (Arabic: خَطّ الرُقْعّة)======
The ruq'ah style of calligraphy consists of slanted letters, short, straight lines, and even curves. It is extremely widespread and is the basis for most styles of handwriting. It was devised in the 19th Century to write Ottoman Turkish, and many records from the Ottoman Empire, printed and handwritten, are written in ruq'ah<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ruq'ah script," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script Wikipedia - Ruq'ah script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/ruqah/ Calligraphy Qalam - Ruq'ah]
======Muhaqqaq (Arabic: خَطّ المُحَقَّق)======
The muhaqqaq script is considered beautiful and intricate and was commonly used to decorate buildings or large copies of the Quran. However, its use began to decline in the 16th Century under the Ottoman Empire and researchers are unlikely to encounter this style in genealogical records<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Muhaqqaq," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaqqaq, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
'''More Resources:'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaqqaq Wikipedia - Muhaqqaq]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/muhaqqaq/ Calligraphy Qalam - Muhaqqaq]
====== Thuluth (Arabic: خَطّ الثُلُث)======
Thuluth is a highly structured and elegant calligraphical style commonly used for decorative motifs in architecture. Its use dates back to the first centuries of Islam and it has given rise to many other calligraphical styles, including muhaqqaq and naskh<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Thuluth," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Despite its widespread use, researchers are unlikely to encounter this style in records apart from the occasional stylized title.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth Wikipedia - Thuluth]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/thuluth/ Calligraphy Qalam - Thuluth]
======Maghrebi (Arabic: خَطّ المَغْرِبيَ)======
The maghrebi style is a derivation of the kufi script widely used in the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), al-Andalus (former Muslim Iberia), and areas of sub-Saharan Africa. It is "characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline"<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Maghrebi script," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_script, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Family history researchers are likely to encounter this script in documents from these regions.
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_script Wikipedia - Maghrebi script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/maghribi/ Calligraphy Qalam - Maghribi]
======Diwani (Arabic: الخَطّ الدِوانيّ)======
The diwani script was developed during the Ottoman Empire and was primarily used for writing official government decrees. It is characterized by the intertwining of adjacent letters, making it difficult to read<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Diwani," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Researchers are unlikely to encounter the diwani style in genealogical records.
'''More Resources:'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani Wikipedia - Diwani]
*[https://www.emashq.com/wp/diwani-calligraphy-style/ eMashq.com - The Diwani Calligraphy style]
=== Arabic Grammar ===
==== Noun Gender ====
Arabic has two grammatical genders, male and female. Most female nouns end in a taa' marbuta (<big>ة</big>), although there are notable exceptions, including several family terms like <big>أُمّ</big> (umm - "mother") and <big>بِنْت</big> (bint - "daughter"). Almost no masculine nouns end in taa' marbuta. There are different verb conjugations for masculine and feminine nouns.
==== Dual Nouns ====
Pairs of nouns are treated differently than groups of three or more and are not considered plural. To create a dual noun, simply add the ending <big>انِ</big>- or <big>يْنَِ</big>- (-ān or -ayn), depending on case, to the single noun. For example, the singular word for daughter, <big>بِنْت</big> (bint), becomes <big>بِنْتان</big> or <big>بِنْتَيْن</big> (bintān or bintayn), meaning "two daughters".
==== Plural Nouns ====
Arabic does not have a "one size fits all" system of pluralizing nouns. There are multiple systems of pluralization, some involving adding suffixes to nouns while others "break" the singular form of the noun, sometimes adding additional vowels or a hamza (<big>ء</big>) to the middle of the word. For example, the word for "grandmother", <big>جَدّة</big> (jaddah), becomes <big>جَدّات</big> (jaddāt) for "grandmothers", adding the suffix "ا<big>ت-"</big> (-āt) that is used for most human feminine nouns. However, the word <big>زَوْج</big> (zawj), meaning "husband", becomes <big>أَزْواج</big> (azwāj) for "husbands". Here, the singular version of the noun is "broken" and its principle letters re-arranged to form the plural.
The Arabic counting system works differently than English and many other languages. While singular nouns are treated as such, pairs of nouns are considered dual rather than plural, as described above. Nouns in groups of 3 to 10 are changed to their plural form, but from 11 to 102 they revert to their single form. For example, "thirty-three husbands" would be written as "thirty-three husband", or "<big>ثَلاثَة وَثَلاثون زَوْجًا</big>" (thalāthah wa thalāthūn zawjan), using the singular "<big>زَوْج</big>" (plus an additional case marking) instead of the plural form "<big>أَزْواج</big>". From 103-110, the plural form is used again, with the singular taking over from 111-202. The pattern continues thus.
== Additional Arabic Language Resources ==


===Arabic Paleography===
===Arabic Paleography===
Line 368: Line 202:
*[http://mylanguages.org/arabic_romanization.php Arabic to Latin Converter]
*[http://mylanguages.org/arabic_romanization.php Arabic to Latin Converter]


== General Word List ==
===General Word List===
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
|-
|-
Line 374: Line 209:
!'''Arabic'''
!'''Arabic'''
!Transliteration
!Transliteration
!Plural
!Transliteration
|-
|genealogy (field of study)
|<big>عِلْم الأَنْساب</big>
|ʿilm al-ʾansāb
|<big>عُلوم الأَنْساب</big>
|ʿulūm al-ʾansāb
|-
|family history
|<big>تاريخ عائلي</big>
|tārīkh ʿāʾili
| -
| -
|-
|lineage, genealogy
|<big>نَسَب</big>
|nasab
|<big>الأَنْساب</big>
|ʾansāb
|-
|-
|birth
|birth
|<big>وِلادة, ميلاد</big>
|<big>وِلادة, ميلاد</big>
|wilādah, mīlād
|wilādah, mīlād
|<big>وِلادات, مَواليد</big>
|wilādāt, mawālīd
|-
|-
|death
|death
|<big>مَوْت , وَفاة</big>
|<big>مَوْت , وَفاة</big>
|mawt, wafāh
|mawt, wafāh
|<big>أَموْات</big>
|amwāt
|-
|-
|marriage
|marriage
|<big>زَواج , قِران , زِفاف</big>
|<big>زَواج , قِران , زِفاف</big>
|zawāj, qirān, zifāf
|zawāj, qirān, zifāf
|<big>زَواجات،  زِفافات</big>
|zawājāt, zifāfāt
|-
|-
|burial
|burial
|<big>دَفْن</big>
|<big>دَفْن</big>
|dafn
|dafn
|<big>أَدْفان</big>
|adfān
|-
|-
|cemetery
|month
|<big>مَقْبَرَة</big>
|<big>شَهْر</big>
|maqbarah
|šahr
|<big>مَقابِر</big>
|maqābir
|-
|date
|<big>تاريخ</big>
|tārīkh
|<big>تواريخ</big>
|tawārīkh
|-
|-
|day
|day
|<big>يَوْم</big>
|<big>يَوْم</big>
|yawm
|yawm
|<big>أيَام</big>
|ayām
|-
|month
|<big>شَهْر</big>
|šahr
|<big>أَشْهُر</big>
|ašhur
|-
|-
|year
|year
|<big>سَنة، عام</big>
|<big>سِنة</big>
|sanah, ʿām
|sinah
|<big>سَنَوات، سِنون، أَعْوام</big>
|sanawāt, sinūn, ʾawām
|-
|calendar
|<big>تَقْويم</big>
|taqwīm
|<big>تَقاويم، تَقْويمات</big>
|taqāwīm, taqwīmāt
|-
|hijri (referring to the Islamic calendar)
|<big>هِجْريّ</big>
|hijri
|<big>هِجْريّة</big>
|hijriyah
|-
|B.C., B.C.E.
|<big>قَبْل الميلاد</big>
|qabl al-mīlād
| -
| -
|-
|A.D., C.E.
|<big>ميلاديّ</big>
|mīlādi
|<big>ميلاديّ</big>
|mīlādiyah
|-
|-
|family name
|family name
|<big>اِسْم العائِلة</big>
|<big>اِسْم العائِلة</big>
|ism al-ʿāʾilah
|ism al-ʿāʾilah
|<big>أَسْماء العائِلة</big>
|ʾasmāʾ al-ʿāʾilah
|-
|-
|first name
|first name
|<big>الاِسْم الأَوَّل</big>
|<big>الاِسْم الأَوَّل</big>
| al-ism al-awwal
| al-ism al-awwal
|<big>الأسْماء الأُولى</big>
|al-ʾasmāʾ al-ʾula
|-
|title, nickname
|<big>لَقَب</big>
|laqab
|<big>أَلْقاب</big>
|ʾalqāb
|-
|birthplace, hometown
|<big>رَأْس مَسْقَط</big>
|raʾs masqaṭ
|<big>رُؤوس مَسْقَط</big>
|ruʾūs masqaṭ
|-
|house
|<big>بَيْت</big>
|bayt
|<big>بُيوت</big>
|buyūt
|-
|street
|<big>شارِع</big>
|shāriʿ
|<big>شوارِع</big>
|shawāriʿ
|-
|-
|village
|village
|<big>قَرِية</big>  
|<big>قَرِية</big>  
|qariyah
|qariyah
|<big>قُرى</big>
|qura
|-
|-
|town
|town
|<big>بَلْدة</big>
|<big>بَلْدة</big>
|baldah
|baldah
|<big>بَلْدات</big>
|baldāt
|-
|-
|city
|city
|<big>مَدينة</big>
|<big>مَدينة</big>
|madīnah
|madīnah
|<big>مُدُن</big>
|mudun
|-
|-
|country
|country
|<big>بَلَد , دَوْلة</big>
|<big>بَلَد , دَوْلة</big>
|balad, dawlah
|balad, dawlah
|<big>بِلاد , دُوَل</big>
|bilād, duwal
|-
|family
|<big>عائِلة، أُسْرَة</big>
|ʿāʾilah, ʾusrah
|<big>عائِلات، أُسَر</big>
|ʿāʾilāt, ʾusar
|-
|tribe, clan
|<big>قَبيلة، عَشيرة</big>
|qabīlah, ʿašīrah
|<big>قَبائل، عَشائر</big>
|qabāʾil, ʿašāʾir
|-
|noble, highborn; descendent of Muhammad
|<big>شَريف</big>
|šarīf
|<big>شُرَفاء</big>
|šurafāʾ
|-
|military, army (noun)
|<big>جَيْش</big>
|jayš
|<big>جُيوش</big>
|juyūš
|-
|military (adjective)
|<big>عَسْكَريّ</big>
|ʿaskari
|<big>عَسْكَريّون</big>
|ʿaskariūn
|-
|government
|<big>حُكومَة</big>
|ḥukūmah
|<big>حُكومات</big>
|ḥukūmāt
|-
|religion
|<big>ديانة</big>
|diyānah
|<big>ديانات</big>
|diyānāt
|-
|Muslim
|<big>مُسْلِم</big>
|muslim
|<big>مُسْلِمون</big>
|muslimūn
|-
|Christian
|<big>مَسيحيّ، نَصْرانيّ</big>
|masīḥi, naṣrāni
|<big>مَسيحيّون، نَصارى</big>
|masīḥiūn, naṣāri
|-
|Jew, Jewish
|<big>يَهوديّ</big>
|yahūdi
|<big>يَهود</big>
|yahūdi
|-
|mosque
|مَسْجِد، جامِع
|masjid, jāmiʿ
|<big>مَساجِد، جَوامِع</big>
|masājid, jawāmi ʿ
|-
|church
|<big>كَنيسَة</big>
|kanīsah
|<big>كَنائِس</big>
|kanāʾis
|-
|record
|<big>سِجِلّ</big>
|sijill
|<big>سِجِلّات</big>
|sijillāt
|-
|document
|<big>وَثيقَة</big>
|wathīqah
|<big>وَثائِق</big>
|wathāʾiq
|-
|archive
|<big>أَرْشيف</big>
|ʾaršīf
| -
| -
|-
|index
|<big>فِهْرِس</big>
|fihris
|<big>فَهارِس</big>
|fahāris
|-
|census
|<big>تِعْداد سُكانيّ</big>
|tiʿdād sukāni
|<big>تِعْدادات سُكانيّة</big>
|tiʿdādāt sukāniyah
|-
|library
|<big>مَكْتَبة</big>
|maktab
|<big>مَكْتَبات</big>
|maktabāt
|}
== Numbers ==
=== Cardinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
!'''English'''
!'''Arabic'''
!Transliteration
|-
|-
|1 - one
|1 - one
Line 707: Line 319:
|-
|-
|15 - fifteen
|15 - fifteen
|<big>خَمْسَة عَشَر</big>
|<big>خَمْسَة عَشَر</big>  
|khamsat ʿašar
|khamsat ʿašar
|-
|-
Line 736: Line 348:
|40 - forty
|40 - forty
|<big>أَرْبَعون</big>
|<big>أَرْبَعون</big>
|ʾarbaʿūn
| ʾarbaʿūn
|-
|-
|50 - fifty
|50 - fifty
|<big>خَمْسون</big>
|<big>خَمْسون</big>  
|khamsūn
|khamsūn
|-
|-
Line 761: Line 373:
|<big>مِئة / مائة</big>
|<big>مِئة / مائة</big>
|miʾah
|miʾah
|}
=== Ordinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
!'''English'''
!'''Arabic (Masculine/Feminine)'''
!Transliteration (Masculine/Feminine)
|-
|1<sup>st</sup> - first
|<big>أَوَّل / أُولى</big>
|ʾawwal / ʾūlā
|-
|2<sup>nd</sup> - second
|<big>ثانٍ (الثاني) / ثانيَة</big>
|thānin (al-thānī) / thāniyah
|-
|3<sup>rd</sup> - third
|<big>ثالِث / ثالِثَة</big>
|thālith / thālithah
|-
|4<sup>th</sup> - fourth
|<big>رابِع / رابِعَة</big>
|rābiʿ / rābiʿah
|-
|5<sup>th</sup> - fifthَ
|<big>خامِس / خامِسَة</big>
|khāmis / khāmisah
|-
| 6<sup>th</sup> - sixth
|<big>سادِس / سادِسَة</big>
|sādis / sādisah
|-
|7<sup>th</sup> - seventh
|<big>سابِع / سابِعَة</big>
|sābiʿ / sābiʿah
|-
|8<sup>th</sup> - eighth
|<big>ثامِن / ثامِنَة</big>
|thāmin / thāminah
|-
|-
|9<sup>th</sup> - ninth
|<big>تاسِع / تاسِعَة</big>
|tāsiʿ / tāsiʿah
|-
|10<sup>th</sup> - tenth
|<big>عاشِر / عاشِرَة</big>
|ʿāšir / ʿāširah
|-
|11<sup>th</sup> - eleventh
|<big>حادي / حاديَة عَشَر</big>
|ḥādī ʿašar / ḥādiyat ʿašar
|-
|12<sup>th</sup> - twelfth
|<big>ثاني / ثانيَة عَشَر</big>
|thānī ʿašar / thāniyat ʿašar
|}
|}


Line 824: Line 382:
!'''Arabic'''
!'''Arabic'''
!'''Transliteration'''
!'''Transliteration'''
!Plural
!Transliteration
|-
|-
|father
|father
|<big>أَب، والِد</big>
|<big>أَب</big>
|ʾab, wālid
|ʾab
|<big>آباء، والِدون</big>
|ʾābāʾ, wālidūn
|-
|-
|mother
|mother
|<big>أُمّ، والِدة</big>
|<big>أُمّ</big>
|ʾumm, wālidah
|ʾumm
|<big>أُمَّهات، والِدات</big>
|ʾummahāt, wālidāt
|-
|-
|son
|son
|<big>اِبْن، وَلَد</big>
|<big>اِبْن، وَلَد</big>
|ibn, walad
|ibn, walad
|<big>أَبْناء، أَوْلاد</big>
|ʾabnāʾ, ʾawlād
|-
|-
|daughter
|daughter
|<big>اِبْنة، بِنْت، وَلَدَة</big>
|<big>اِبْنة، بِنْت</big>
|ibnah, bint, waladah
|ibnah, bint
|<big>اِبْنات، بِنات، وَلَدات</big>
|ibnāt, bināt, waladāt
|-
|-
|brother
|brother
|<big>أَخ، شَقيق</big>
|<big>أَخ , شَقيق</big>
|ʾakh, šaqīq
|ʾakh, šaqīq
|<big>إِخْوان، إِخْوَة، أَشِقّاء</big>
|ʾikhwān, ʾikhwah, ʾašiqqāʾ
|-
|-
|sister
|sister
|<big>أُخْت، شَقيقة</big>
|<big>أُخْت، شَقيقة</big>
|ʾukht, šaqīqah
|ʾukht, šaqīqah
|<big>أَخَوات، شَقيقات</big>
|ʾakhawāt, šaqīqāt
|-
|-
|wife
|wife
|<big>زَوْجة</big>
|<big>زَوْجة</big>
|zawjah
|zawjah
|<big>زَوْجات</big>
|zawjāt
|-
|-
|husband
|husband
|<big>زَوْج</big>
|<big>زَوْج</big>
|zawj
|zawj
|<big>أَزْواج</big>
|azwāj
|-
|-
|grandfather
|grandfather
|<big>جَدّ</big>
|<big>جَدّ</big>
|jadd
|jadd
|<big>أَجْداد</big>
|ajdād
|-
|-
| grandmother
| grandmother
|<big>جَدّة</big>
|<big>جَدّة</big>
|jaddah  
|jaddah  
|<big>جَدّات</big>
|jaddāt
|-
|-
|grandson
|grandson
|<big>حَفيد</big>
|<big>حَفيد</big>
|ḥafīd
|ḥafīd
|<big>أَحْفاد</big>
|aḥfād
|-
|-
|granddaughter
|granddaughter
|<big>حَفيدة</big>
|<big>حَفيدة</big>
|ḥafīdah
|ḥafīdah
|<big>حَفيدات</big>
|ḥafīdāt
|-
|-
|paternal uncle
|paternal uncle
|<big>عَمّ</big>
|<big>عَمّ</big>
|ʿamm
|ʿamm
|<big>أَعْمام</big>
|ʾaʿmām
|-
|-
|maternal uncle
|maternal uncle
|<big>خال</big>
|<big>خال</big>
|khāl
|khāl
|<big>أَخْوال</big>
|ʾakhwāl
|-
|-
|paternal aunt
|paternal aunt
|<big>عَمّة</big>
|<big>عَمّة</big>
|ʿammah
|ʿammah
|<big>عَمّات</big>
|ʿammāt
|-
|-
|maternal aunt
|maternal aunt
|<big>خالة</big>
|<big>خالة</big>
|khālah
|khālah
|<big>خالات</big>
|khālāt
|-
|-
|paternal male cousin
|paternal male cousin
|<big>اِبْن العَمّ</big>
|<big>اِبْن العَمّ</big>
|ibn al-ʿamm
|ibn al-ʿamm
|<big>أَبْناء العَمّ</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʿamm
|-
|-
|maternal male cousin
|maternal male cousin
|<big>اِبْن الخال</big>
|<big>اِبْن الخال</big>
|ibn al-khāl
|ibn al-khāl
|<big>أَبْناء الخال</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-khāl
|-
|-
|paternal female cousin
|paternal female cousin
|<big>بِنْت العَمّ</big>
|<big>بِنْت العَمّ</big>
|bint al-ʿamm
|bint al-ʿamm
|<big>بِنات العَمّ</big>
|bināt al-ʿamm
|-
|-
|maternal female cousin
|maternal female cousin
|<big>بِنْت الخال</big>
|<big>بِنْت الخال</big>
|bint al-khāl
|bint al-khāl
|<big>بِنات الخال</big>
|bināt al-khāl
|-
|-
|nephew (brother's son)
|nephew (brother's son)
|<big>اِبْن الأَخ</big>
|<big>اِبْن الأَخ</big>
|ibn al-ʾakh
|ibn al-ʾakh
|<big>أَبْناء الأَخ</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʾakh
|-
|-
|nephew (sister's son)
|nephew (sister's son)
|<big>اِبْن الأُخْت</big>
|<big>اِبْن الأُخْت</big>
|ibn al-ʾukht
|ibn al-ʾukht
|<big>أَبْناء الأُخْت</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʾukht
|-
|-
|niece (brother’s daughter)
|niece (brother’s daughter)
|<big>بِنْت الأَخ</big>
|<big>اِبْنة/بِنْت الأَخ</big>
|bint al-ʾakh
|ibnat/bint al-ʾakh
|<big>بِنات الأَخ</big>
|bināt al-ʾakh
|-
|-
|niece (sister’s daughter)
|niece (sister’s daughter)
|<big>بِنْت الأُخْت</big>
|<big>اِبْنة/بِنْت الأُخْت</big>
|bint al-ʾukht
|ibnat/bint al-ʾukht
|<big>بِنات الأُخْت</big>
|bināt al-ʾukht
|-
|-
|son-in-law, brother-in-law
|<big>صِهْر، نَسيب</big>
|ṣihr, nasīb
|<big>أَصْهار، أَنْسِباء</big>
|ʾaṣhār, ʾansibāʾ
|-
|sister-in-law
|<big>صِهْرَة</big>
|ṣihrah
|<big>صِهْرات</big>
|ṣihrāt
|-
|ancestor, predecessor
|<big>سَلَف</big>
|salaf
|<big>أَسْلاف</big>
|ʾaslāf
|}
|}


==Dates/Time==
==Dates/Time==
===Aramaic Months Used in the Levant===
===Aramaic months used in the Levant===
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
|-
|-
Line 1,049: Line 540:




===Gregorian Calendar Months===
===Gregorian calendar months===


*''[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]''
*''[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]''
Line 1,109: Line 600:
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>


=== Hijri Calendar Months ===
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
|-
|'''Arabic'''
|'''Pronunciatioin'''
|-
|<big>مُحَرَّم</big>
|Muḥarram
|-
|<big>صَفَر</big>
|Ṣafar
|-
|<big>رَبيع الأَوَّل</big>
|Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal
|-
|<big>رَبيع الثاني</big>
|Rabīʿ al-Thānī
|-
|<big>جُمادى الأُولى</big>
|Jumādā al-ʾAwwal
|-
|<big>جُمادى الآخِرَة</big>
|Jumādā al-Thānī
|-
|<big>رَجَب</big>
|Rajab
|-
|<big>شَعْبان</big>
|Shaʿbān
|-
|<big>رَمَضان</big>
|Ramaḍān
|-
|<big>شَوّال</big>
|Shawwāl
|-
|<big>ذُو القَعْدَة</big>
|Dhū al-Qaʿdah
|-
|<big>ذُو الحِجَّة</big>
|Dhū al-Ḥijjah
|}
===Days of the Week===
===Days of the Week===
[[Category:Word List]]
[[Category:Word List]]

Revision as of 15:25, 30 August 2024

Arabic Genealogical
Word List
Arabic speaking world.png
Downloadable Word List
No PDF available
Associated Countries

Arabic Alphabet[edit | edit source]

Arabic is written using the Arabic alphabet (Ar: أَبْجَدِيّة) which consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left.[1] The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, meaning that typically only consonants and long vowels are written, while short vowels are either excluded and inferred by the reader or written as diacritics above or under consonants. The Arabic script is also cursive; most letters connect to the subsequent letter in a word, meaning that most letters vary in form depending on where they fall in a word.

Arabic Consonants and Long Vowels
Independent Form Initial Form (beginning of a word) Medial Form (middle of a word) Final Form (end of a word) Common English Transliterations
ا ا ـا ـا a, ā
ب بـ ـبـ ـب b
ت تـ ـتـ ـت t
ث ثـ ـثـ ـث th
ج جـ ـجـ ـج j, dj, g
ح حـ ـحـ ـح h, ḥ
خ خـ ـخـ ـخ kh, x, ḵ
د د ـد ـد d
ذ ذ ـذ ـذ th, dh
ر ر ـر ـر r
ز ز ـز ـز z
س سـ ـسـ ـس s
ش شـ ـشـ ـش sh, š
ص صـ ـصـ ـص s, ṣ
ض ضـ ـضـ ـض d, ḍ
ط طـ ـطـ ـط t, ṭ
ظ ظـ ـظـ ـظ th, ẓ, z
ع عـ ـعـ ـع ', ʿ, 3
غ غـ ـغـ ـغ gh, ḡ
ف فـ ـفـ ـف f
ق قـ ـقـ ـق q
ك كـ ـكـ ـك k
ل لـ ـلـ ـل l
م مـ ـمـ ـم m
ن نـ ـنـ ـن n
ه هـ‎ ـهـ‎‎ ـه‎ h
و و ـو ـو w
ي يـ ـيـ ـي y

Arabic Paleography[edit | edit source]

Dictionaries[edit | edit source]

Language Helps[edit | edit source]

General Word List[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Transliteration
birth وِلادة, ميلاد wilādah, mīlād
death مَوْت , وَفاة mawt, wafāh
marriage زَواج , قِران , زِفاف zawāj, qirān, zifāf
burial دَفْن dafn
month شَهْر šahr
day يَوْم yawm
year سِنة sinah
family name اِسْم العائِلة ism al-ʿāʾilah
first name الاِسْم الأَوَّل al-ism al-awwal
village قَرِية qariyah
town بَلْدة baldah
city مَدينة madīnah
country بَلَد , دَوْلة balad, dawlah
1 - one واحِد wāḥid
2 - two اِثْنان، اِثْنَيْن ithnān, ithnayn
3 - three ثَلاثة thalāthah
4 - four أَرْبَعة ʾarbaʿah
5 - five خَمْسة khamsah
6 - six سِتّة sittah
7 - seven سَبْعة sabʿah
8 - eight ثَمانية thamāniyah
9 - nine تِسْعة tisʿah
10 - ten عَشَرة ʿašarah
11 - eleven أَحَد عَشَر ʾaḥad ʿašar
12 - twelve اِثْنا/اِثْنَي عَشَر ithna/ithnay ʿašar
13 - thirteen ثَلاثة عَشَر thalāthat ʿašar
14 - fourteen أَرْبَعة عَشَر ʾarbaʿat ʿašar
15 - fifteen خَمْسَة عَشَر khamsat ʿašar
16 - sixteen سِتّة عَشَر sittat ʿašar
17 - seventeen سَبْعة عَشَر sabʿat ʿašar
18 - eighteen ثَمانية عَشَر thamāniyat ʿašar
19 - nineteen تِسْعة عَشَر tisʿat ʿašar
20 - twenty عِشْرون ʿišrūn
30 - thirty ثَلاثون thalāthūn
40 - forty أَرْبَعون ʾarbaʿūn
50 - fifty خَمْسون khamsūn
60 - sixty سِتّون sittūn
70 - seventy سَبْعون sabʿūn
80 - eighty ثَمانون thamānūn
90 - ninety تِسْعون tisʿūn
100 - one hundred مِئة / مائة miʾah

Family Relationships[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Transliteration
father أَب ʾab
mother أُمّ ʾumm
son اِبْن، وَلَد ibn, walad
daughter اِبْنة، بِنْت ibnah, bint
brother أَخ , شَقيق ʾakh, šaqīq
sister أُخْت، شَقيقة ʾukht, šaqīqah
wife زَوْجة zawjah
husband زَوْج zawj
grandfather جَدّ jadd
grandmother جَدّة jaddah
grandson حَفيد ḥafīd
granddaughter حَفيدة ḥafīdah
paternal uncle عَمّ ʿamm
maternal uncle خال khāl
paternal aunt عَمّة ʿammah
maternal aunt خالة khālah
paternal male cousin اِبْن العَمّ ibn al-ʿamm
maternal male cousin اِبْن الخال ibn al-khāl
paternal female cousin بِنْت العَمّ bint al-ʿamm
maternal female cousin بِنْت الخال bint al-khāl
nephew (brother's son) اِبْن الأَخ ibn al-ʾakh
nephew (sister's son) اِبْن الأُخْت ibn al-ʾukht
niece (brother’s daughter) اِبْنة/بِنْت الأَخ ibnat/bint al-ʾakh
niece (sister’s daughter) اِبْنة/بِنْت الأُخْت ibnat/bint al-ʾukht

Dates/Time[edit | edit source]

Aramaic months used in the Levant[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciation
January كانون الثاني Kānūn al-Thānī
February شُباط Šubāṭ
March آذار ‘Ādār
April نيسان Nīsān
May أَيّار ‘Ayyār
June حَزيران Ḥazīrān
July تَمّوز Tammūz
August آب ‘Āb
September أَيْلول Aylūl
October تِشْرين الأَوَّل Tišrīn al-Awwal
November تِشْرين الثاني Tišrīn al-Thānī
December كانون الأَوَّل Kānūn al-Awwal


Gregorian calendar months[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciatioin
January يَنايِر yanāyir
February فِبْرايِر fibrāyir
March مارِس māris
April أَبْريل/إِبْريل abrīl/ibrīl
May مايو māyū
June يونيو/يونيه yūnyū/yūnya
July يوليو/يوليه yūlyū/yūlia
August أَغُسْطُس aġustus
September سِبْتَمْبِر sibtambir
October أُكْتوبَر uktūbar
November نوفَمْبِر nūfambir
December ديسَمْبِر dīsambir


Days of the Week[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciation
Saturday السَبْت Al-sabt
Sunday الأَحَد Al-ʾaḥad
Monday الاِثْنَيْن Al-ithnayn
Tuesday الثُلاثاء Al-thulāthāʾ
Wednesday الأَرْبَعاء Al-ʾarbaʿāʾ
Thursday الخَميس Al-khamīs
Friday الجُمْعَة Al-jumʿah

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic Alphabet," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet, accessed 29 Aug 2024.
Retrieved from "https://integration-ru.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Arabic_Genealogical_Word_List&oldid=5848527"