Arabic Genealogical Word List: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
===Language Helps===
This page contains information on Arabic relevant for genealogists searching records in this language. It includes a basic breakdown of the language and lists of Arabic words with their English transliterations and translations. The words included here are those likely to be found in genealogical sources. For any words not contained in the list, please see "Additional Arabic Language Resources" below for suggestions on dictionaries and websites.


Arabic is a Semitic language and is in the same language family as Hebrew and Aramaic. It is spoken as a first language by almost 300 million people in the Middle East and North Africa<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic, accessed 25 Sep 2024.</ref>  and is commonly learned as a second language, particularly by non-Arab Muslims due to its role as the liturgical language of Islam.
*[https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?from=fhd&dps_pid=IE6959430 The Conside Oxford English-Arabic Dictionary of Current Usage]<br>
 
*[https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?from=fhd&dps_pid=IE9618385 The School Dictionary, English-Arabic]
The term "Arabic language" generally refers to both Modern Standard Arabic, the standardized, formal Arabic used for literature and official purposes, including record keeping; and the diverse array of Arabic dialects spoken as a first language at home and in daily life. Arabic dialects are rarely written down, especially in official documents, so this page focuses on Modern Standard Arabic. However, dialects are commonly used in oral histories, so resources for spoken Arabic are included as well.
*[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/arabic-overview Arabic languages overvies]
 
*[http://www.wordreference.com/ Online Arabic dictionary]
== Language Characteristics ==
*[http://arabicquick.com/learn_arabic_alphabet/ Arabic script]
 
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_dictionary.htm Arabic language resources]
===Arabic Alphabet===
*[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]
Arabic is written using the Arabic alphabet (Ar: أَبْجَدِيّة) which consists of 28 letters and is written from right to left.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Arabic Alphabet," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet, accessed 29 Aug 2024.</ref> The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, meaning that typically only consonants and long vowels are written, while short vowels are either excluded and inferred by the reader or written as diacritics above or under consonants. The Arabic script is also cursive; most letters connect to the subsequent letter in a word, meaning that most letters vary in form depending on where they fall in a word.
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf  Arabic Transliteration information]
 
*[http://mylanguages.org/arabic_romanization.php Arabic to Latin Converter]
==== Arabic Consonants and Long Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Independent Form
!Initial Form (beginning of a word)
!Medial Form (middle of a word)
!Final Form (end of a word)
!Common English Transliterations
|-
|ا
|ا
|ـا
|ـا
|a, ā
|-
|ب
|بـ
|ـبـ
|ـب
|b
|-
|ت
|تـ
|ـتـ
|ـت
|t
|-
|ث
|ثـ
|ـثـ
|ـث
|th (similar to "<u>th</u>ank")
|-
|ج
|جـ
|ـجـ
|ـج
|j, dj, g
|-
|ح
|حـ
|ـحـ
|ـح
|h, ḥ
|-
|خ
|خـ
|ـخـ
|ـخ
|kh, x, ḵ
|-
|د
|د
|ـد
|ـد
|d
|-
|ذ
|ذ
|ـذ
|ـذ
|th, dh (similar to "<u>th</u>is")
|-
|ر
|ر
|ـر
|ـر
|r
|-
|ز
|ز
|ـز
|ـز
|z
|-
|س
|سـ
|ـسـ
|ـس
|s
|-
|ش
|شـ
|ـشـ
|ـش
|sh, š
|-
|ص
|صـ
|ـصـ
|ـص
|s, ṣ
|-
|ض
|ضـ
|ـضـ
|ـض
|d, ḍ
|-
|ط
|طـ
|ـطـ
|ـط
|t, ṭ
|-
|ظ
|ظـ
|ـظـ
|ـظ
|th, ẓ, z
|-
|ع
|عـ
|ـعـ
|ـع
|', ʿ, 3
|-
|غ
|غـ
|ـغـ
|ـغ
|gh, ḡ
|-
|ف
|فـ
|ـفـ
|ـف
|f
|-
|ق
|قـ
|ـقـ
|ـق
|q
|-
|ك
|كـ
|ـكـ
|ـك
|k
|-
|ل
|لـ
|ـلـ
|ـل
|l
|-
|م
|مـ
|ـمـ
|ـم
|m
|-
|ن
|نـ
|ـنـ
|ـن
|n
|-
|ه
|هـ‎
|ـهـ‎‎
|ـه‎
|h
|-
|و
|و
|ـو
|ـو
|w
|-
|ي
|يـ
|ـيـ
|ـي
|y
|}
 
==== Arabic Diacritics ====
Arabic diacritics include short vowels and other symbols written either above or below consonants. Diacritics are rarely used outside of religious texts but are sometimes included to reduce ambiguity.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Diacritic
!Name
!Transliteration
!Characterization
|-
|ــَـ
|فَتْحَة (Fathah)
|a, e
|short vowel
|-
|ــُـ
|ضَمَّة (Dammah)
|u,o
|short vowel
|-
|ــِـ
|كَسْرَة (Kasrah)
|i
|short vowel
|-
|ــْـ
|سُكون (Sukun)
|n/a
|"silencer"; indicates that a consonant is not followed by a vowel sound
|-
|ــّـ
|شَدَّة (Shaddah)
|n/a
|"doubles" consonants, indicates that final consonant of a syllable is the same as the initial consonant of the next syllable
|}
 
====Additional Letters and Ligatures====
In addition to the standard consonants and vowels of the Arabic alphabet, there are several additional letters and ligatures that are commonly used.
=====Hamza=====
The hamza is an additional consonant described as a glottal stop. This sound is common in English even though it is unwritten, such as the sound at the beginning of "oh" in "uh oh". The hamza changes form depending on its role in the word and the short vowels that come before or after it.  When romanized, hamza is usually depicted as a "'" or "<big>ʾ</big>". This can be confused with the letter 'ayn (ع), which is often romanized as "'" as well, or as the right-facing apostrophe "<big>ʻ</big>". In Arabic, the hamza can appear as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!'''Independent Form'''
!Initial Form
!Medial Form
!Final Form
|-
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|<big>ء</big>
|-
|<big>ؤ</big>
|<big>ؤ</big>
|<big>ـؤ</big>
|<big>ـؤ</big>
|-
|<big>ئ</big>
|<big>ئـ</big>
|<big>ـئـ</big>
|<big>ـئ</big>
|-
|<big>أ</big>
|<big>أ</big>
|<big>ـأ</big>
| <big>ـأ</big>
|-
|<big>إ</big>
| <big>إ</big>
|<big>ـإ</big>
|<big>ـإ</big>
|}
=====Taa' Marbuta=====
Taa' marbuta (تاء مربوطة) - literally "tied taa'" appears only at the end of words and primarily indicates a word is grammatically feminine. It indicates an "a" sound at the end of the word is is typically romanized as either "a" or "ah". When the taa' marbuta is the non-final term of an idafa construction it is proncounced as "-at".
{| class="wikitable"
|+Shapes of Taa' Marbuta
!Independent
!Connected
|-
|<big>ة</big>
|<big>ـة</big>
|}
===Handwritten Arabic===
Many historical genealogical records and personal journals in Arabic are handwritten. The diverse styles of Arabic handwriting and their variation from modern fonts can present a challenge to deciphering these records.
 
'''More Resources:'''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDeBlUWuq2k Youtube - How to read HANDWRITTEN Arabic in under 7 minutes - Arabic 101]; this video (with an Islamic slant) provides examples of common differences between handwritten and printed Arabic letters
====Arabic Calligraphy====
The Arabic language boasts a rich history of calligraphy and diverse calligraphic styles. Throughout the Muslim world, Arabic calligraphy has served as a central motif in art and architecture, often adorning mosques, homes, and gathering places as well as books and manuscripts. Various styles of calligraphy have been used in record keeping in different places and time periods in the Arab world, so an understanding of these styles is important for reading these records. Furthermore, modern non-calligraphical handwriting is influenced by different calligraphical styles, and familiarity with one can aid in decoding the other.
=====Styles of Arabic Calligraphy=====
======Kufic (Arabic: الخَطّ الكوفيّ)======
Attributed to Kufa, Iraq - the city from which it derives its name - this style is characterized by "angular, rectilinear letterforms and its horizontal orientation"<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kufic," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic, accessed 15 Oct 2024.</ref>. This script became one of the primary modes of transcribing the Quran during the early Islamic period. There are many variations of the Kufic script with distinctive shapes and patterns. Genealogical researchers are unlikely to encounter records written in this style, except perhaps in stylized titles of documents.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufic Wikipedia - Kufic]
*[https://www.baytalfann.com/post/the-art-heritage-of-kufic-script Bayt Al Fann - The Art and Heritage of the Kufic Script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/kufic/ Calligraphy Qalam - Kufic]
======Naskh (Arabic: خَطّ النَسْخ)======
The naskh style of calligraphy is also very ancient, dating back to the first century after the prophet Mohammad. It is characterized by small, rounded letters and is considered the easiest style to read. Naskh is the script primarily used in the Qur'an and has inspired many modern-day Arabic fonts. It is likely to be found in historical documents with printed (as opposed to handwritten) information<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Naskh (script)," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script), accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script) Wikipedia - Naskh (script)]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/naskh/ Calligraphy Qalam - Naskh]
*[https://www.arabic-calligraphy.com/arabic-calligraphy-styles/naskh/ Arabic Calligraphy - Naskh Script]
======Rayhani (Arabic: الخَطّ الريحاني)======
The rayhani style appeared around the 10th Century and is characterized by pointed letters and a pronounced alif-lam shape at the beginning of words. Its use declined in the 17th Century in favor of naskh, so genealogical researchers are unlikely to encounter rayhani in records after that time<ref>Calligraphy Qalam contributors, "Rayhani," in ''Calligraphy Qalam'', https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/rayhani/, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayhani_script Wikipedia - Rayhani script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/rayhani/ Calligraphy Qalam - Rayhani]**[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/images/rayhani/ Images of Rayhani]
======Ruq'ah (Arabic: خَطّ الرُقْعّة)======
The ruq'ah style of calligraphy consists of slanted letters, short, straight lines, and even curves. It is extremely widespread and is the basis for most styles of handwriting. It was devised in the 19th Century to write Ottoman Turkish, and many records from the Ottoman Empire, printed and handwritten, are written in ruq'ah<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ruq'ah script," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script Wikipedia - Ruq'ah script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/ruqah/ Calligraphy Qalam - Ruq'ah]
======Muhaqqaq (Arabic: خَطّ المُحَقَّق)======
The muhaqqaq script is considered beautiful and intricate and was commonly used to decorate buildings or large copies of the Quran. However, its use began to decline in the 16th Century under the Ottoman Empire and researchers are unlikely to encounter this style in genealogical records<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Muhaqqaq," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaqqaq, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>.
 
'''More Resources:'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhaqqaq Wikipedia - Muhaqqaq]  
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/muhaqqaq/ Calligraphy Qalam - Muhaqqaq]
====== Thuluth (Arabic: خَطّ الثُلُث)======
Thuluth is a highly structured and elegant calligraphical style commonly used for decorative motifs in architecture. Its use dates back to the first centuries of Islam and it has given rise to many other calligraphical styles, including muhaqqaq and naskh<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Thuluth," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Despite its widespread use, researchers are unlikely to encounter this style in records apart from the occasional stylized title.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluth Wikipedia - Thuluth]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/thuluth/ Calligraphy Qalam - Thuluth]
======Maghrebi (Arabic: خَطّ المَغْرِبيَ)======
The maghrebi style is a derivation of the kufi script widely used in the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), al-Andalus (former Muslim Iberia), and areas of sub-Saharan Africa. It is "characterized by rounded letter forms, extended horizontal features, and final open curves below the baseline"<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Maghrebi script," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_script, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Family history researchers are likely to encounter this script in documents from these regions.
 
'''More Resources:'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrebi_script Wikipedia - Maghrebi script]
*[https://www.calligraphyqalam.com/styles/maghribi/ Calligraphy Qalam - Maghribi]
======Diwani (Arabic: الخَطّ الدِوانيّ)======
The diwani script was developed during the Ottoman Empire and was primarily used for writing official government decrees. It is characterized by the intertwining of adjacent letters, making it difficult to read<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Diwani," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani, accessed 17 Oct 2024.</ref>. Researchers are unlikely to encounter the diwani style in genealogical records.
 
'''More Resources:'''
 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwani Wikipedia - Diwani]
*[https://www.emashq.com/wp/diwani-calligraphy-style/ eMashq.com - The Diwani Calligraphy style]
 
=== Arabic Grammar ===
 
==== Noun Gender ====
Arabic has two grammatical genders, male and female. Most female nouns end in a taa' marbuta (<big>ة</big>), although there are notable exceptions, including several family terms like <big>أُمّ</big> (umm - "mother") and <big>بِنْت</big> (bint - "daughter"). Almost no masculine nouns end in taa' marbuta. There are different verb conjugations for masculine and feminine nouns.
 
==== Dual Nouns ====
Pairs of nouns are treated differently than groups of three or more and are not considered plural. To create a dual noun, simply add the ending <big>انِ</big>- or <big>يْنَِ</big>- (-ān or -ayn), depending on case, to the single noun. For example, the singular word for daughter, <big>بِنْت</big> (bint), becomes <big>بِنْتان</big> or <big>بِنْتَيْن</big> (bintān or bintayn), meaning "two daughters".
 
==== Plural Nouns ====
Arabic does not have a "one size fits all" system of pluralizing nouns. There are multiple systems of pluralization, some involving adding suffixes to nouns while others "break" the singular form of the noun, sometimes adding additional vowels or a hamza (<big>ء</big>) to the middle of the word. For example, the word for "grandmother", <big>جَدّة</big> (jaddah), becomes <big>جَدّات</big> (jaddāt) for "grandmothers", adding the suffix "ا<big>ت-"</big> (-āt) that is used for most human feminine nouns. However, the word <big>زَوْج</big> (zawj), meaning "husband", becomes <big>أَزْواج</big> (azwāj) for "husbands". Here, the singular version of the noun is "broken" and its principle letters re-arranged to form the plural.
 
The Arabic counting system works differently than English and many other languages. While singular nouns are treated as such, pairs of nouns are considered dual rather than plural, as described above. Nouns in groups of 3 to 10 are changed to their plural form, but from 11 to 102 they revert to their single form. For example, "thirty-three husbands" would be written as "thirty-three husband", or "<big>ثَلاثَة وَثَلاثون زَوْجًا</big>" (thalāthah wa thalāthūn zawjan), using the singular "<big>زَوْج</big>" (plus an additional case marking) instead of the plural form "<big>أَزْواج</big>". From 103-110, the plural form is used again, with the singular taking over from 111-202. The pattern continues thus.
 
== Additional Arabic Language Resources ==


===Arabic Paleography===
===Arabic Paleography===
*[https://hmmlschool.org/arabic/ Hill Museum and Manuscript Library (HMML) - Arabic Paleography]
*[https://www.vhmmlschool.org/arabic vHMML School -- Arabic Paleography]
*[http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/courses/index.html Islamic Manuscripts and Paleography -- Arabic, Malay, and Persian manuscripts]


===Dictionaries===
===General Word List===
*{{FSC|541745|item|disp=The Concise Oxford English-Arabic Dictionary of Current Usage}}
*{{FSC|154715|item|disp=The School Dictionary, English-Arabic}}
*[http://www.wordreference.com/ Online Arabic dictionary]


===Language Helps===
{| width="40%" class="wikitable"
*[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/arabic-overview Arabic languages overviews]
*[https://www.drmoku.com/arabic-mnemonics Arabic script]
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_dictionary.htm Arabic language resources]
*[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf Arabic Transliteration information]
*[http://mylanguages.org/arabic_romanization.php Arabic to Latin Converter]
 
== General Word List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
|-
! width="25%" |'''English'''
!'''Arabic'''
!Transliteration
!Plural
!Transliteration
|-
|genealogy (field of study)
|<big>عِلْم الأَنْساب</big>
|ʿilm al-ʾansāb
|<big>عُلوم الأَنْساب</big>
|ʿulūm al-ʾansāb
|-
|family history
|<big>تاريخ عائلي</big>
|tārīkh ʿāʾili
| -
| -
|-
|lineage, genealogy
|<big>نَسَب</big>
|nasab
|<big>الأَنْساب</big>
|ʾansāb
|-
|birth
|<big>وِلادة, ميلاد</big>
|wilādah, mīlād
|<big>وِلادات, مَواليد</big>
|wilādāt, mawālīd
|-
|death
|<big>مَوْت , وَفاة</big>
|mawt, wafāh
|<big>أَموْات</big>
|amwāt
|-
|marriage
|<big>زَواج , قِران , زِفاف</big>
|zawāj, qirān, zifāf
|<big>زَواجات،  زِفافات</big>
|zawājāt, zifāfāt
|-
|burial
|<big>دَفْن</big>
|dafn
|<big>أَدْفان</big>
|adfān
|-
|-
|cemetery
| width="25%" | '''English'''
|<big>مَقْبَرَة</big>
| '''Arabic'''
|maqbarah
|<big>مَقابِر</big>
|maqābir
|-
|-
|date
| birth
|<big>تاريخ</big>
| ولادة, ميلاد
|tārīkh
|<big>تواريخ</big>
|tawārīkh
|-
|-
|day
| death
|<big>يَوْم</big>
| موت , وفاة
|yawm
|<big>أيَام</big>
|ayām
|-
|-
|month
| marriage
|<big>شَهْر</big>
| زواج , قران , زفاف
|šahr
|<big>أَشْهُر</big>
|ašhur
|-
|-
|year
| burial
|<big>سَنة، عام</big>
| دفن
|sanah, ʿām
|<big>سَنَوات، سِنون، أَعْوام</big>
|sanawāt, sinūn, ʾawām
|-
|-
|calendar
| month
|<big>تَقْويم</big>
| شهر
|taqwīm
|<big>تَقاويم، تَقْويمات</big>
|taqāwīm, taqwīmāt
|-
|-
|hijri (referring to the Islamic calendar)
| day
|<big>هِجْريّ</big>
| يوم
|hijri
|<big>هِجْريّة</big>
|hijriyah
|-
|-
|B.C., B.C.E.
| year
|<big>قَبْل الميلاد</big>
| سنة
|qabl al-mīlād
| -
| -
|-
|-
|A.D., C.E.
| family name
|<big>ميلاديّ</big>
| إسم العائلة
|mīlādi
|<big>ميلاديّ</big>
|mīlādiyah
|-
|-
|family name
| first name
|<big>اِسْم العائِلة</big>
| الأسم الأول
|ism al-ʿāʾilah
|<big>أَسْماء العائِلة</big>
|ʾasmāʾ al-ʿāʾilah
|-
|-
|first name
| town
|<big>الاِسْم الأَوَّل</big>
| بلدة
| al-ism al-awwal
|<big>الأسْماء الأُولى</big>
|al-ʾasmāʾ al-ʾula
|-
|title, nickname
|<big>لَقَب</big>
|laqab
|<big>أَلْقاب</big>
|ʾalqāb
|-
|birthplace, hometown
|<big>رَأْس مَسْقَط</big>
|raʾs masqaṭ
|<big>رُؤوس مَسْقَط</big>
|ruʾūs masqaṭ
|-
|house
|<big>بَيْت</big>
|bayt
|<big>بُيوت</big>
|buyūt
|-
|street
|<big>شارِع</big>
|shāriʿ
|<big>شوارِع</big>
|shawāriʿ
|-
|village
|<big>قَرِية</big>
|qariyah
|<big>قُرى</big>
|qura
|-
|town
|<big>بَلْدة</big>
|baldah
|<big>بَلْدات</big>
|baldāt
|-
|-
|city
|city
|<big>مَدينة</big>
| مدينة
|madīnah
|<big>مُدُن</big>
|mudun
|-
|country
|<big>بَلَد , دَوْلة</big>
|balad, dawlah
|<big>بِلاد , دُوَل</big>
|bilād, duwal
|-
|family
|<big>عائِلة، أُسْرَة</big>
|ʿāʾilah, ʾusrah
|<big>عائِلات، أُسَر</big>
|ʿāʾilāt, ʾusar
|-
|tribe, clan
|<big>قَبيلة، عَشيرة</big>
|qabīlah, ʿašīrah
|<big>قَبائل، عَشائر</big>
|qabāʾil, ʿašāʾir
|-
|noble, highborn; descendent of Muhammad
|<big>شَريف</big>
|šarīf
|<big>شُرَفاء</big>
|šurafāʾ
|-
|military, army (noun)
|<big>جَيْش</big>
|jayš
|<big>جُيوش</big>
|juyūš
|-
|military (adjective)
|<big>عَسْكَريّ</big>
|ʿaskari
|<big>عَسْكَريّون</big>
|ʿaskariūn
|-
|government
|<big>حُكومَة</big>
|ḥukūmah
|<big>حُكومات</big>
|ḥukūmāt
|-
|religion
|<big>ديانة</big>
|diyānah
|<big>ديانات</big>
|diyānāt
|-
|Muslim
|<big>مُسْلِم</big>
|muslim
|<big>مُسْلِمون</big>
|muslimūn
|-
|Christian
|<big>مَسيحيّ، نَصْرانيّ</big>
|masīḥi, naṣrāni
|<big>مَسيحيّون، نَصارى</big>
|masīḥiūn, naṣāri
|-
|Jew, Jewish
|<big>يَهوديّ</big>
|yahūdi
|<big>يَهود</big>
|yahūdi
|-
|mosque
|مَسْجِد، جامِع
|masjid, jāmiʿ
|<big>مَساجِد، جَوامِع</big>
|masājid, jawāmi ʿ
|-
|-
|church
| country
|<big>كَنيسَة</big>
| بلد , دولة
|kanīsah
|<big>كَنائِس</big>
|kanāʾis
|-
|record
|<big>سِجِلّ</big>
|sijill
|<big>سِجِلّات</big>
|sijillāt
|-
|document
|<big>وَثيقَة</big>
|wathīqah
|<big>وَثائِق</big>
|wathāʾiq
|-
|archive
|<big>أَرْشيف</big>
|ʾaršīf
| -
| -
|-
|index
|<big>فِهْرِس</big>
|fihris
|<big>فَهارِس</big>
|fahāris
|-
|census
|<big>تِعْداد سُكانيّ</big>
|tiʿdād sukāni
|<big>تِعْدادات سُكانيّة</big>
|tiʿdādāt sukāniyah
|-
|library
|<big>مَكْتَبة</big>
|maktab
|<big>مَكْتَبات</big>
|maktabāt
|}
 
== Numbers ==
 
=== Cardinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
!'''English'''
!'''Arabic'''
!Transliteration
|-
|-
|1 - one
|1 - one
|<big>واحِد</big>
|واحد
|wāḥid
|-
|-
|2 - two
|2 - two
|<big>اِثْنان، اِثْنَيْن</big>
|اثنان
|ithnān, ithnayn
|-
|-
|3 - three
|3 - three
|<big>ثَلاثة</big>
|ثلاثة
|thalāthah
|-
|-
|4 - four
|4 - four
|<big>أَرْبَعة</big>
|أربعة
|ʾarbaʿah
|-
|-
|5 - five  
|5 - five
|<big>خَمْسة</big>
|خمسة
|khamsah
|-
|-
| 6 - six
|6 - six
|<big>سِتّة</big>
|ستة
|sittah
|-
|-
|7 - seven
|7 - seven
|<big>سَبْعة</big>
|سبعة
|sabʿah
|-
|-
|8 - eight
|8 - eight
|<big>ثَمانية</big>
|ثمانية
|thamāniyah
|-
|-
|9 - nine
|9 - nine
|<big>تِسْعة</big>
|تسعة
|tisʿah
|-
|-
|10 - ten
|10 - ten
|<big>عَشَرة</big>
|عشرة
|ʿašarah
|-
|-
|11 - eleven
|11 - eleven
|<big>أَحَد عَشَر</big>
|أحد عشر
|ʾaḥad ʿašar
|-
|-
|12 - twelve
|12 - twelve
|<big>اِثْنا/اِثْنَي عَشَر</big>
|اثنا عشر
|ithna/ithnay ʿašar
|-
|-
|13 - thirteen
|13 - thirteen
|<big>ثَلاثة عَشَر</big>
|ثلاثة عشر
|thalāthat ʿašar
|-
|-
|14 - fourteen
|14 - fourteen
|<big>أَرْبَعة عَشَر</big>
|أربعة عشر
|ʾarbaʿat ʿašar
|-
|-
|15 - fifteen
|15 - fifteen
|<big>خَمْسَة عَشَر</big>
|خمسة عشر
|khamsat ʿašar
|-
|-
|16 - sixteen
|16 - sixteen
|<big>سِتّة عَشَر</big>
|ستة عشر
|sittat ʿašar
|-
|-
|17 - seventeen
|17 - seventeen
|<big>سَبْعة عَشَر</big>
|سبعة عشر
|sabʿat ʿašar
|-
|-
|18 - eighteen
|18 - eighteen
|<big>ثَمانية عَشَر</big>
|ثمانية عشر
|thamāniyat ʿašar
|-
|-
|19 - nineteen
|19 - nineteen
|<big>تِسْعة عَشَر</big>
|تسعة عشر
|tisʿat ʿašar
|-
|-
|20 - twenty
|20 - twenty
|<big>عِشْرون</big>
|عشرون
|ʿišrūn
|-
|-
|30 - thirty
|30 - thirty
|<big>ثَلاثون</big>
|ثلاثون
|thalāthūn
|-
|-
|40 - forty
|40 - forty
|<big>أَرْبَعون</big>
|أربعون
|ʾarbaʿūn
|-
|-
|50 - fifty
|50 - fifty
|<big>خَمْسون</big>
|خمسون
|khamsūn
|-
|-
|60 - sixty
|60 - sixty
|<big>سِتّون</big>
|ستون
|sittūn
|-
|-
|70 - seventy
|70 - seventy
|<big>سَبْعون</big>
|سبعون
|sabʿūn
|-
|-
|80 - eighty
|80 - eighty
|<big>ثَمانون</big>
|ثمانون
|thamānūn
|-
|-
|90 - ninety
|90 - ninety
|<big>تِسْعون</big>
|تسعون
|tisʿūn
|-
|-
|100 - one hundred
|100 - one hundred
|<big>مِئة / مائة</big>
|مئة / مائة
|miʾah
|}
 
=== Ordinal Numbers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="40%"
!'''English'''
!'''Arabic (Masculine/Feminine)'''
!Transliteration (Masculine/Feminine)
|-
|1<sup>st</sup> - first
|<big>أَوَّل / أُولى</big>
|ʾawwal / ʾūlā
|-
|2<sup>nd</sup> - second
|<big>ثانٍ (الثاني) / ثانيَة</big>
|thānin (al-thānī) / thāniyah
|-
|3<sup>rd</sup> - third
|<big>ثالِث / ثالِثَة</big>
|thālith / thālithah
|-
|4<sup>th</sup> - fourth
|<big>رابِع / رابِعَة</big>
|rābiʿ / rābiʿah
|-
|5<sup>th</sup> - fifthَ
|<big>خامِس / خامِسَة</big>
|khāmis / khāmisah
|-
| 6<sup>th</sup> - sixth
|<big>سادِس / سادِسَة</big>
|sādis / sādisah
|-
|7<sup>th</sup> - seventh
|<big>سابِع / سابِعَة</big>
|sābiʿ / sābiʿah
|-
|-
|8<sup>th</sup> - eighth
|<big>ثامِن / ثامِنَة</big>
|thāmin / thāminah
|-
|9<sup>th</sup> - ninth
|<big>تاسِع / تاسِعَة</big>
|tāsiʿ / tāsiʿah
|-
|10<sup>th</sup> - tenth
|<big>عاشِر / عاشِرَة</big>
|ʿāšir / ʿāširah
|-
|11<sup>th</sup> - eleventh
|<big>حادي / حاديَة عَشَر</big>
|ḥādī ʿašar / ḥādiyat ʿašar
|-
|12<sup>th</sup> - twelfth
|<big>ثاني / ثانيَة عَشَر</big>
|thānī ʿašar / thāniyat ʿašar
|}
|}


==Family Relationships==
==Family Relationships==
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
{| width="40%" class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! width="25%" |'''English'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''  
!'''Arabic'''
| '''Arabic'''
!'''Transliteration'''
!Plural
!Transliteration
|-
|-
|father
| father
|<big>أَب، والِد</big>
| أب
|ʾab, wālid
|<big>آباء، والِدون</big>
|ʾābāʾ, wālidūn
|-
|-
|mother
| mother
|<big>أُمّ، والِدة</big>
| أم
|ʾumm, wālidah
|<big>أُمَّهات، والِدات</big>
|ʾummahāt, wālidāt
|-
|-
|son
| son
|<big>اِبْن، وَلَد</big>
| ابن
|ibn, walad
|<big>أَبْناء، أَوْلاد</big>
|ʾabnāʾ, ʾawlād
|-
|-
|daughter
| daughter
|<big>اِبْنة، بِنْت، وَلَدَة</big>
| ابنة
|ibnah, bint, waladah
|<big>اِبْنات، بِنات، وَلَدات</big>
|ibnāt, bināt, waladāt
|-
|-
|brother
| brother
|<big>أَخ، شَقيق</big>
| أخ , شقيق
|ʾakh, šaqīq
|<big>إِخْوان، إِخْوَة، أَشِقّاء</big>
|ʾikhwān, ʾikhwah, ʾašiqqāʾ
|-
|-
|sister
| sister
|<big>أُخْت، شَقيقة</big>
| أخت
|ʾukht, šaqīqah
|<big>أَخَوات، شَقيقات</big>
|ʾakhawāt, šaqīqāt
|-
|-
|wife
|wife
|<big>زَوْجة</big>
|زوجة
|zawjah
|<big>زَوْجات</big>
|zawjāt
|-
|-
|husband
|husband
|<big>زَوْج</big>
|زوج
|zawj
|<big>أَزْواج</big>
|azwāj
|-
|-
|grandfather
| grandfather
|<big>جَدّ</big>
|جد
|jadd
|<big>أَجْداد</big>
|ajdād
|-
|-
| grandmother
| grandmother
|<big>جَدّة</big>
|جدة
|jaddah
|<big>جَدّات</big>
|jaddāt
|-
|-
|grandson
| grandson
|<big>حَفيد</big>
|حفيد
|ḥafīd
|<big>أَحْفاد</big>
|aḥfād
|-
|-
|granddaughter
| granddaughter
|<big>حَفيدة</big>
|حفيدة
|ḥafīdah
|<big>حَفيدات</big>
|ḥafīdāt
|-
|-
|paternal uncle
| grandchildren
|<big>عَمّ</big>
|أحفاد
|ʿamm
|<big>أَعْمام</big>
|ʾaʿmām
|-
|-
|maternal uncle
| paternal uncle
|<big>خال</big>
|عم
|khāl
|<big>أَخْوال</big>
|ʾakhwāl
|-
|-
|paternal aunt
| maternal uncle
|<big>عَمّة</big>
|خال
|ʿammah
|<big>عَمّات</big>
|ʿammāt
|-
|-
|maternal aunt
| paternal aunt
|<big>خالة</big>
|عمة
|khālah
|<big>خالات</big>
|khālāt
|-
|-
|paternal male cousin
| maternal aunt
|<big>اِبْن العَمّ</big>
|خالة
|ibn al-ʿamm
|<big>أَبْناء العَمّ</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʿamm
|-
|-
|maternal male cousin
| paternal male cousin
|<big>اِبْن الخال</big>
|إبن العم
|ibn al-khāl
|<big>أَبْناء الخال</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-khāl
|-
|-
|paternal female cousin
| maternal male cousin
|<big>بِنْت العَمّ</big>
|إبن الخال
|bint al-ʿamm
|<big>بِنات العَمّ</big>
|bināt al-ʿamm
|-
|-
|maternal female cousin
| paternal female cousin
|<big>بِنْت الخال</big>
|بنت العم
|bint al-khāl
|<big>بِنات الخال</big>
|bināt al-khāl
|-
|-
|nephew (brother's son)
| maternal female cousin
|<big>اِبْن الأَخ</big>
|بنت الخال
|ibn al-ʾakh
|<big>أَبْناء الأَخ</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʾakh
|-
|-
|nephew (sister's son)
| nephew (brother's son)
|<big>اِبْن الأُخْت</big>
|إبن الأخ
|ibn al-ʾukht
|<big>أَبْناء الأُخْت</big>
|ʾabnāʾ al-ʾukht
|-
|-
|niece (brother’s daughter)
|nephew (sister's son)  
|<big>بِنْت الأَخ</big>
|إبن الأخت
|bint al-ʾakh
|<big>بِنات الأَخ</big>
|bināt al-ʾakh
|-
|-
|niece (sister’s daughter)
| niece (brother’s daughter)
|<big>بِنْت الأُخْت</big>
|إبنة الأخ
|bint al-ʾukht
|<big>بِنات الأُخْت</big>
|bināt al-ʾukht
|-
|-
|son-in-law, brother-in-law
| niece (sister’s daughter)
|<big>صِهْر، نَسيب</big>
|إبنة الأخت
|ṣihr, nasīb
|<big>أَصْهار، أَنْسِباء</big>
|ʾaṣhār, ʾansibāʾ
|-
|-
|sister-in-law
|<big>صِهْرَة</big>
|ṣihrah
|<big>صِهْرات</big>
|ṣihrāt
|-
|ancestor, predecessor
|<big>سَلَف</big>
|salaf
|<big>أَسْلاف</big>
|ʾaslāf
|}
|}


==Dates/Time==
==Dates/Time==
===Aramaic Months Used in the Levant===
===Aramaic months used in the Levant===
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
{| width="40%" class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| width="25%" |'''English'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''  
|'''Arabic'''
| '''Arabic'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|-
|January
|January
|<big>كانون الثاني</big>
|كانون الثاني
|Kānūn al-Thānī
|Kānūn al-Thānī
|-
|-
|February
|February
|<big>شُباط</big>
|شباط
|Šubāṭ
|Šubāṭ
|-
|-
|March
|March
|<big>آذار</big>
|آذار
|‘Ādār
|‘Ādār
|-
|-
|April
|April
|<big>نيسان</big>
|نيسان
|Nīsān
|Nīsān
|-
|-
|May
|May
|<big>أَيّار</big>
|أيار
|‘Ayyār
|‘Ayyār
|-
|-
|June
|June
|<big>حَزيران</big>
|حزيران
|Ḥazīrān
|Ḥazīrān / Ḥuzayrān
|-
|-
|July
|July
|<big>تَمّوز</big>
|تموز
|Tammūz
|Tammūz
|-
|-
|August
|August
|<big>آب</big>
|آب
|‘Āb
|‘Āb
|-
|-
|September
|September
|<big>أَيْلول</big>
|أيلول
|Aylūl
|Aylūl
|-
|-
|October
|October
|<big>تِشْرين الأَوَّل</big>
|تشرين الأول
|Tišrīn al-Awwal
|Tišrīn al-Awwal
|-
|-
|November
|November
|<big>تِشْرين الثاني</big>
|تشرين الثاني
|Tišrīn al-Thānī
|Tišrīn al-Thānī
|-
|-
|December
|December
|<big>كانون الأَوَّل</big>
|كانون الأول
|Kānūn al-Awwal
|Kānūn al-Awwal
|-
|-
Line 1,049: Line 294:




===Gregorian Calendar Months===
===Gregorian calendar months===


*''[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]''
*''[http://www.islamicity.org/hijri-gregorian-converter/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 Islamic Calendar converter]''


{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
{| width="40%" class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| width="25%" |'''English'''
| width="25%" | '''English'''  
 
| '''Arabic'''
|'''Arabic'''
|'''Pronunciatioin'''
|'''Pronunciatioin'''
|-
|-
|January
|January
|<big>يَنايِر</big>
|يناير
|yanāyir
|yanāyir
|-
|-
|February
|February
|<big>فِبْرايِر</big>
|فبراير
|fibrāyir
|fibrāyir
|-
|-
|March
|March
|<big>مارِس</big>
|مارس
|māris
|māris
|-
|-
|April
|April
|<big>أَبْريل/إِبْريل</big>
|أبريل/إبريل
|abrīl/ibrīl
|abrīl/ibrīl
|-
|-
|May
|May
|<big>مايو</big>
|مايو
|māyū
|māyū
|-
|-
|June
|June
|<big>يونيو/يونيه</big>
|يونيو/يونيه
|yūnyū/yūnya
|yūnyū/yūnya
|-
|-
|July
|July
|<big>يوليو/يوليه</big>
|يوليو/يوليه
|yūlyū/yūlia
|yūlyū/yūlia
|-
|-
|August
|August
|<big>أَغُسْطُس</big>
|أغسطس
|aġustus
|aġustus
|-
|-
|September
|September
|<big>سِبْتَمْبِر</big>
|سبتمبر
|sibtambir
|sibtambir
|-
|-
|October
|October
|<big>أُكْتوبَر</big>
|أكتوبر
|uktūbar
|uktūbar
|-
|-
|November
|November
|<big>نوفَمْبِر</big>
|نوفمبر
|nūfambir
|nūfambir
|-
|-
|December
|December
|<big>ديسَمْبِر</big>
|ديسمبر
|dīsambir
|dīsambir
|-
|-
|}
|}
<br>


=== Hijri Calendar Months ===
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
|-
|'''Arabic'''
|'''Pronunciatioin'''
|-
|<big>مُحَرَّم</big>
|Muḥarram
|-
|<big>صَفَر</big>
|Ṣafar
|-
|<big>رَبيع الأَوَّل</big>
|Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal
|-
|<big>رَبيع الثاني</big>
|Rabīʿ al-Thānī
|-
|<big>جُمادى الأُولى</big>
|Jumādā al-ʾAwwal
|-
|<big>جُمادى الآخِرَة</big>
|Jumādā al-Thānī
|-
|<big>رَجَب</big>
|Rajab
|-
|<big>شَعْبان</big>
|Shaʿbān
|-
|<big>رَمَضان</big>
|Ramaḍān
|-
|<big>شَوّال</big>
|Shawwāl
|-
|<big>ذُو القَعْدَة</big>
|Dhū al-Qaʿdah
|-
|<big>ذُو الحِجَّة</big>
|Dhū al-Ḥijjah
|}
===Days of the Week===
===Days of the Week===
[[Category:Word List]]
{| width="40%" class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" width="40%"
|-
|-
| width="25%" |'''English'''  
| width="25%" | '''English'''  
|'''Arabic'''
| '''Arabic'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|-
|Saturday
|Saturday
|<big>السَبْت</big>
|السبت
|Al-sabt
|As sabt
|-
|-
|Sunday
|Sunday
|<big>الأَحَد</big>
|الأحد
|Al-ʾaḥad
|Al ‘ahad
|-
|-
|Monday
|Monday
|<big>الاِثْنَيْن</big>
|الأثنين
|Al-ithnayn
|A lith nayn
|-
|-
|Tuesday
|Tuesday
|<big>الثُلاثاء</big>
|الثلاثاء
|Al-thulāthāʾ
|Ath thu la tha’
|-
|-
|Wednesday
|Wednesday
|<big>الأَرْبَعاء</big>
|الأربعاء
|Al-ʾarbaʿāʾ
|Al ar ba a’
|-
|-
|Thursday
|Thursday
|<big>الخَميس</big>
|الخميس
|Al-khamīs
|Al kha mis
|-
|-
|Friday
|Friday
|<big>الجُمْعَة</big>
|الجمعه
|Al-jumʿah
|Al jum ah
|-
|-
 
[[Category:Word List]]
|}
== References  ==
{{reflist}}
<references />

Revision as of 11:47, 21 November 2019

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Language Helps[edit | edit source]

Arabic Paleography[edit | edit source]

General Word List[edit | edit source]

English Arabic
birth ولادة, ميلاد
death موت , وفاة
marriage زواج , قران , زفاف
burial دفن
month شهر
day يوم
year سنة
family name إسم العائلة
first name الأسم الأول
town بلدة
city مدينة
country بلد , دولة
1 - one واحد
2 - two اثنان
3 - three ثلاثة
4 - four أربعة
5 - five خمسة
6 - six ستة
7 - seven سبعة
8 - eight ثمانية
9 - nine تسعة
10 - ten عشرة
11 - eleven أحد عشر
12 - twelve اثنا عشر
13 - thirteen ثلاثة عشر
14 - fourteen أربعة عشر
15 - fifteen خمسة عشر
16 - sixteen ستة عشر
17 - seventeen سبعة عشر
18 - eighteen ثمانية عشر
19 - nineteen تسعة عشر
20 - twenty عشرون
30 - thirty ثلاثون
40 - forty أربعون
50 - fifty خمسون
60 - sixty ستون
70 - seventy سبعون
80 - eighty ثمانون
90 - ninety تسعون
100 - one hundred مئة / مائة

Family Relationships[edit | edit source]

English Arabic
father أب
mother أم
son ابن
daughter ابنة
brother أخ , شقيق
sister أخت
wife زوجة
husband زوج
grandfather جد
grandmother جدة
grandson حفيد
granddaughter حفيدة
grandchildren أحفاد
paternal uncle عم
maternal uncle خال
paternal aunt عمة
maternal aunt خالة
paternal male cousin إبن العم
maternal male cousin إبن الخال
paternal female cousin بنت العم
maternal female cousin بنت الخال
nephew (brother's son) إبن الأخ
nephew (sister's son) إبن الأخت
niece (brother’s daughter) إبنة الأخ
niece (sister’s daughter) إبنة الأخت

Dates/Time[edit | edit source]

Aramaic months used in the Levant[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciation
January كانون الثاني Kānūn al-Thānī
February شباط Šubāṭ
March آذار ‘Ādār
April نيسان Nīsān
May أيار ‘Ayyār
June حزيران Ḥazīrān / Ḥuzayrān
July تموز Tammūz
August آب ‘Āb
September أيلول Aylūl
October تشرين الأول Tišrīn al-Awwal
November تشرين الثاني Tišrīn al-Thānī
December كانون الأول Kānūn al-Awwal


Gregorian calendar months[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciatioin
January يناير yanāyir
February فبراير fibrāyir
March مارس māris
April أبريل/إبريل abrīl/ibrīl
May مايو māyū
June يونيو/يونيه yūnyū/yūnya
July يوليو/يوليه yūlyū/yūlia
August أغسطس aġustus
September سبتمبر sibtambir
October أكتوبر uktūbar
November نوفمبر nūfambir
December ديسمبر dīsambir


Days of the Week[edit | edit source]

English Arabic Pronunciation
Saturday السبت As sabt
Sunday الأحد Al ‘ahad
Monday الأثنين A lith nayn
Tuesday الثلاثاء Ath thu la tha’
Wednesday الأربعاء Al ar ba a’
Thursday الخميس Al kha mis
Friday الجمعه Al jum ah
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