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People in Cincinnati at the beginning of the 20th century had a two in five chance of meeting someone who could speak to them in German. There were three German morning newspapers and one evening paper. German was taught in all 47 schools. Seventy churches held services completely or partly in German. In 1915 there were 110 German societies with affiliations including mutual aid, athletics, trade unions, sharpshooters, music, culture and charity. Guido Dobbert, The Disintegration of an Immigrant Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1870-1920 (New York: Arno Press, 1980), 7, 10, 13, 16.<br> <br>Further waves of German immigration took place in the 1930s (particularly German Jewish immigrants) and after World War II. At the turn of the 21st century, approximately half of Cincinnati's population was of German descent.  
People in Cincinnati at the beginning of the 20th century had a two in five chance of meeting someone who could speak to them in German. There were three German morning newspapers and one evening paper. German was taught in all 47 schools. Seventy churches held services completely or partly in German. In 1915 there were 110 German societies with affiliations including mutual aid, athletics, trade unions, sharpshooters, music, culture and charity. Guido Dobbert, The Disintegration of an Immigrant Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1870-1920 (New York: Arno Press, 1980), 7, 10, 13, 16.<br> <br>Further waves of German immigration took place in the 1930s (particularly German Jewish immigrants) and after World War II. At the turn of the 21st century, approximately half of Cincinnati's population was of German descent.  


== &nbsp;Origins of German immigrants in Hamilton County  ==
== &nbsp;&nbsp;Origins of German immigrants in Hamilton County  ==


Before 1830, Germans immigrating to Hamilton County came from the southwestern area of German-speaking Europe, particularly from Württemberg and Switzerland, as well as Baden, Alsace and northern Germany, especially Oldenburg. German-Americans from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and New Jersey also settled in Hamilton County in this early period.  
Before 1830, Germans immigrating to Hamilton County came from the southwestern area of German-speaking Europe, particularly from Württemberg and Switzerland, as well as Baden, Alsace and northern Germany, especially Oldenburg. German-Americans from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and New Jersey also settled in Hamilton County in this early period.  
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Compared to all Germans in the U.S., in Cincinnati in 1870 there were seven times as many Oldenburgers, two and half times as many Hannoverians, one and a half times as many Bavarians, and the same proportion of Badenese. On the other hand, there were half as many Brunswickers, Hessians, and Saxons in Cincinnati compared to the rest of the U.S., and even fewer people from Nassau and Mecklenburg. Most of the Hannoverians and Oldenburgers in Ohio lived in Cincinnati. Walter Kamphoefner, The Westphalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), 84-85.  
Compared to all Germans in the U.S., in Cincinnati in 1870 there were seven times as many Oldenburgers, two and half times as many Hannoverians, one and a half times as many Bavarians, and the same proportion of Badenese. On the other hand, there were half as many Brunswickers, Hessians, and Saxons in Cincinnati compared to the rest of the U.S., and even fewer people from Nassau and Mecklenburg. Most of the Hannoverians and Oldenburgers in Ohio lived in Cincinnati. Walter Kamphoefner, The Westphalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), 84-85.  


A search of “Germans to America Passenger Data File, 1850-1897” results in entries for 10,218 people coming to Cincinnati whose passenger records specified origins other than Germany and the U.S. This data is part of the National Archives’ Access to Archival Databases, http://aad.archives.gov/aad/fielded-search.jsp?dt=2102&amp;tf=F&amp;cat=GP44&amp;bc=,sl.<br>Prussia (not specified) 3,075 30.1%<br>Hannover 2,898 28.4%<br>Bavaria 1,018 9.9%<br>Oldenburg 877 8.6%<br>Hessen 491 4.8%<br>Baden 266 2.6%<br>Württemberg 252 2.5%<br>Saxony 230 2.2%<br>Other states 1,111 10.9%<br>These percentages aren’t precise. Many ship lists did not record the origins or destinations of passengers, and it’s likely that many people from Westfalen and other states reported Prussia as their state of origin. Only 67 passengers coming to Cincinnati are listed with Westfalen (part of Prussia after 1815) as their state of origin in this database, although many more Westphalians came to Cincinnati. At any rate, this list points out the prevalence (67%) of north German states in the origins of over 10,000 passengers coming to Cincinnati between 1850 and 1897.  
A search of “Germans to America Passenger Data File, 1850-1897” results in entries for 10,218 people coming to Cincinnati whose passenger records specified origins other than Germany and the U.S. This data is part of the National Archives’ Access to Archival Databases, [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/fielded-search.jsp?dt=2102&tf=F&cat=GP44&bc=,sl http://aad.archives.gov/aad/fielded-search.jsp?dt=2102&amp;tf=F&amp;cat=GP44&amp;bc=,sl].  
 
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" style="width: 419px; height: 238px;"
|-
| align="center" style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);" | '''German state of origin'''
| align="center" style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);" | '''Number'''
| align="center" style="background: rgb(240, 240, 240);" | '''Percentage'''
|-
| Prussia (not specified)  
| 3,075  
| 30.1%
|-
| Hannover  
| 2,898  
| 28.4%
|-
| Bavaria  
| 1,018  
| 9.9%
|-
| Oldenburg  
| 877  
| 8.6%
|-
| Hessen  
| 491  
| 4.8%
|-
| Baden  
| 266  
| 2.6%
|-
| Württemberg  
| 252  
| 2.5%
|-
| Saxony  
| 230  
| 2.2%
|-
| Other states  
| 1,111  
| 10.9%
|-
|
|}
 
These percentages aren’t precise. Many ship lists did not record the origins or destinations of passengers, and it’s likely that many people from Westfalen and other states reported Prussia as their state of origin. Only 67 passengers coming to Cincinnati are listed with Westfalen (part of Prussia after 1815) as their state of origin in this database, although many more Westphalians came to Cincinnati. At any rate, this list points out the prevalence (67%) of north German states in the origins of over 10,000 passengers coming to Cincinnati between 1850 and 1897.  


At least thirteen regional assistance societies were established in Cincinnati by 1915. These societies and their dates of founding include Baden (1872), Rheinpfalz (1874), Bayern (1875), Schwaben (1875), Schleswig-Holstein (1880), North Germany (1884), Sachsen (1887), Germany-Hungary (1910), Rheinland and Westfalen (1891), Germany-Austria (1891), Hessen (1897), Oldenburg (1898), Siebenbürger Sachsen (1907). August Gorbach, Deutscher Vereins-Wegweiser von Cincinnati, Ohio (Cincinnati: S. Rosenthal &amp; Co., 1915).  
At least thirteen regional assistance societies were established in Cincinnati by 1915. These societies and their dates of founding include Baden (1872), Rheinpfalz (1874), Bayern (1875), Schwaben (1875), Schleswig-Holstein (1880), North Germany (1884), Sachsen (1887), Germany-Hungary (1910), Rheinland and Westfalen (1891), Germany-Austria (1891), Hessen (1897), Oldenburg (1898), Siebenbürger Sachsen (1907). August Gorbach, Deutscher Vereins-Wegweiser von Cincinnati, Ohio (Cincinnati: S. Rosenthal &amp; Co., 1915).  
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