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==Description==
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language '''Finnish'''] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language '''Swedish'''] are the two main official languages of Finland.<br>
There are also several official minority languages: <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Finland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland, accessed 22 May 2023.</ref><br>
* Three variants of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages '''Sami'''] <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Finland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland#Sami_languages, accessed 22 May 2023.</ref>
** '''Northern Sami'''
** '''Inari Sami'''
** '''Skolt Sami'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language '''Romani or Finnish Kalo''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language '''Finnish Sign Language''']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language '''Karelian''']<br>
'''English''' is spoken by most Finns as a second language. Official statistics from 2012 show that at least 70% of Finnish people can speak English. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Finland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland#English, accessed 22 May 2023.</ref><br>
'''Russian''' is the most spoken immigrant language in Finland but has no official minority language status. It served as the third co-official language with Finnish and Swedish for a very short period between 1900 and 1917. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Finland," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Finland#Russian, accessed 22 May 2023.</ref><br>
==Word List(s)==
*[[Finnish Genealogical Word List|Finnish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Swedish Genealogical Word List|Swedish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List|German Genealogical Word List]]
'''Finnish'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language#Basic_greetings_and_phrases Basic greetings and phrases (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/finnish.php Useful Finnish phrases (Omniglot)]
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Finnish_phrasebook Finnish phrasebook (Wikitravel)]
* ''Finnish phrase book & dictionary.'' New York: Berlitz Publishing, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1002834290 WorldCat].
* Kataja, Ville. ''Finnish dictionary & phrasebook : Finnish-English, English-Finnish.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 2002. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/51944382 WorldCat].
'''Swedish'''
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/swedish.php Useful Swedish phrases (Omniglot)]
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Swedish_phrasebook Swedish phrasebook (Wikitravel)]
* ''Rough guides phrasebook Swedish.'' London: Rough Guides, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1111205500 WorldCat].
'''Romani or Finnish Kalo'''
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/romani.htm Useful phrases in Romani (Omniglot)]
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
'''Finnish'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_phonology Finnish phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_grammar Finnish grammar (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnish.htm Finnish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
*[https://mylanguages.org/learn_finnish.php Finnish Grammar and Languages Basics (MyLanguages)]
'''Swedish'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_phonology Swedish phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_grammar Swedish grammar (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/swedish.htm Swedish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
*[https://mylanguages.org/learn_swedish.php Swedish Grammar and Languages Basics (MyLanguages)]
'''Romani or Finnish Kalo'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language#Phonology Finnish Kalo Phonology (Wikipedia)]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_alphabets#Finnish_Romani Finnish Kalo (Wikipedia)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/finnishkalo.htm Finnish Kalo Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/romani.htm Romani Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Finnish'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/fi English to Finnish Dictionary (Glosbe)]
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/finnish_dictionary.htm Finnish dictionary (Lexilogos)]
* Arminen, K.V. ''English and Finnish dictionary.'' Hancock, Mich.: Finnish Lutheran Book, 1914. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/4429225 WorldCat].
*[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/finnish/ Finnish (MustGo)]
'''Swedish'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/sv English to Swedish Dictionary (Glosbe)]
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/swedish_dictionary.htm Swedish dictionary (Lexilogos)]
* ''Swedish dictionary : English-Swedish, Swedish-English.'' London: Routledge, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/32924666 WorldCat].
*[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/swedish/ Swedish (MustGo)]
'''Romani or Finnish Kalo'''
*[https://glosbe.com/en/rmf English to Kalo Finnish Romani Dictionary (Glosbe)]
==Additional Resources==
==References==


Since Finnish was not an official language in Finland until 1863, most records were written in Swedish. To do research in these records, you will need to know some Swedish and Finnish key words and phrases. Also, be aware that Orthodox church records were written in Russian until after Finnish independence. The Finnish language is spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns elsewhere.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_grammar Finnish Grammar].</ref>
Since Finnish was not an official language in Finland until 1863, most records were written in Swedish. To do research in these records, you will need to know some Swedish and Finnish key words and phrases. Also, be aware that Orthodox church records were written in Russian until after Finnish independence. The Finnish language is spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns elsewhere.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_grammar Finnish Grammar].</ref>
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When you are looking up names or words in Finnish dictionaries or indexes, it is important to know that the Finnish alphabet has three letters that follow the letter z: å, ä, and ö. The letter å does not occur in native Finnish words, but many personal and geographical names of Swedish origin use this letter.  
When you are looking up names or words in Finnish dictionaries or indexes, it is important to know that the Finnish alphabet has three letters that follow the letter z: å, ä, and ö. The letter å does not occur in native Finnish words, but many personal and geographical names of Swedish origin use this letter.  


For word lists to help your research in Finnish records, see [[Finnish Genealogical Word List]] and [[Swedish Genealogical Word List]].


== Sounds ==
== Sounds ==
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== Language Aids  ==
The [[Finnish Genealogical Word List]] and the [[Swedish Genealogical Word List]] contain key words to know for doing research in Finland. The following language dictionaries can also help you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries.
*Alanne, V. S. ''Suomalais-englantilainen suursanakirja (Great Finnish-English Dictionary)''. 3rd ed. Porvoo: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1968. ([https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/226548 FS Library film 1224706 item 3])
*Björkman, C. G. ''Svensk-Engelsk Ordbok (Swedish- English Dictionary)''. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt, 1889. ([https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/549532 FS Library film 1224734 item 1]) Swedish spelling was reformed in 1906; therefore, this book includes words as they were spelled prior to 1906.
*Ernolv, Carl. ''Svensk-Engelsk Ordbok (Swedish- English Dictionary)''. Stockholm: Svenska Bokförlaget Norstedts, 1947. ([https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/16042 FS Library film 1124531 item 12])
To find other language aids in the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog, look under:
:FINLAND- LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES - DICTIONARIES
:SWEDEN- LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGES - DICTIONARIES
You may also find language aids in the Subject Search under:


:FINNISH LANGUAGE- DICTIONARIES - ENGLISH


:SWEDISH LANGUAGE- DICTIONARIES - ENGLISH


== Online Finnish Language Resources ==
== Online Finnish Language Resources ==
*Mustgo.com: [http://aboutworldlanguages.com/finnish Finnish Language - Structure, Writing & Alphabet]
*Uusi kielemme: [https://uusikielemme.fi/finnish-grammar Finnish Grammar]
*Uusi kielemme: [https://uusikielemme.fi/finnish-grammar Finnish Grammar]
*MyLanguages.org: [http://mylanguages.org/learn_finnish.php Learn Finnish]
*Lexilogos.com: [http://www.lexilogos.com/english/finnish_dictionary.htm Finnish Dictionary]
*[http://kaino.kotus.fi/vks/ Vanhan kirjasuomen sanakirja (Dictionary of old Finnish)]
*[http://kaino.kotus.fi/vks/ Vanhan kirjasuomen sanakirja (Dictionary of old Finnish)]
*Bab.la: [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-finnish/ English-Finnish dictionary]
*Bab.la: [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/english-finnish/ English-Finnish dictionary]
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