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[[fr:Suisse Naturalisation et la citoyenneté]] | [[fr:Suisse Naturalisation et la citoyenneté]] | ||
===Common Name Endings=== | ===German-language Surnames=== | ||
====Common Name Endings==== | |||
With family names originating locally, many names display particular characteristics of the local dialects, such as the south German, Austrian and Swiss diminutive endings -l -el, -erl, -le or -li as in Kleibl, Schäuble or Nägeli (from 'Nagel', nail).<ref>"German names', in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_name, accessed 17 February 2021.</ref> | With family names originating locally, many names display particular characteristics of the local dialects, such as the south German, Austrian and Swiss diminutive endings -l -el, -erl, -le or -li as in Kleibl, Schäuble or Nägeli (from 'Nagel', nail).<ref>"German names', in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_name, accessed 17 February 2021.</ref> | ||
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===French-language Surnames=== | |||
===Italian-language Surnames=== | |||
====''Soprannomi'==== | |||
''Soprannome'' (plural: ''Soprannomi'') roughly translates as “nickname”. A ''soprannome'' is not a nickname in a personal sense, but a designation of different branches of the same family. An example of why ''soprannomi'' would be used would be to distinguish a branch of a family that owned and lived on land in a certain area, etc. | |||
Soprannomi appear mainly in earlier parish records. They can appear several ways. For example, a soprannome of one branch of the Garbani family is “Gardelli”. In the parish register, their records may say either “Garbani”; Garbani-Gardelli”; “Gardelli”; or “Garbani dicti Gardelli”, where dicti translates as ‘otherwise known as’. | |||
Researchers should remain alert to the use of these name variations. At time the usage can frequently change back and forth in the records. Sometimes the surname will permanently change. | |||
===Surnames Historical Development=== | ===Surnames Historical Development=== | ||
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*The '''nobility and wealthy land owners''' were the first to begin using surnames. | *The '''nobility and wealthy land owners''' were the first to begin using surnames. | ||
*'''Merchants and townspeople''' then adopted the custom, as did the '''rural population'''. This process took two or three centuries. | *'''Merchants and townspeople''' then adopted the custom, as did the '''rural population'''. This process took two or three centuries. | ||
===Surname Changes of Immigrants in the United States=== | |||
'''As Immigrants moved into English-speaking countries, their surnames were impacted in a variety of ways.''' | |||
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*Most of the time the surname spelling changed to accommodate the '''different phonetic spelling in the English language'''. In other words, the recorder tried to write the name the way he heard it. | |||
*Surnames may also have been translated outright into English, sometimes with a slight twist. | |||
*Within the community, such as the local parish, immigrants may continue to use the original name, while at the same time '''using English-language equivalents when dealing with local government, census takers, and other English speakers.''' | |||
*Different branches of the same family may adopt various surname spellings. | |||
*Prior to 1900, formal surname changes documented in local court records are relatively rare. | |||
*During the early 20th Century, especially the World War I era, surname changes are recorded more frequently, as immigrants or, more often, their children, tried to adopt more neutral surnames. | |||
==Given Names== | ==Given Names== | ||