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African American Slavery and Bondage (view source)
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By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, or among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate records, or even with taxation records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies. | By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, or among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate records, or even with taxation records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies. | ||
=== Slave Trade === | === Slave Trade === | ||
*Deyle, Steven. ''Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life''. New Yourk: Oxford University Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/carry-me-back-the-domestic-slave-trade-in-american-life/oclc/61342034&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Deyle, Steven. ''Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life''. New Yourk: Oxford University Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/carry-me-back-the-domestic-slave-trade-in-american-life/oclc/61342034&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*Gundmestad, Robert H. ''A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade''. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/troublesome-commerce-the-transformation-of-the-interstate-slave-trade/oclc/52153836&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Gundmestad, Robert H. ''A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade''. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/troublesome-commerce-the-transformation-of-the-interstate-slave-trade/oclc/52153836&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*Rawley, James A ., with Stephen D. Behrendt. ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/translantic-slave-trade-a-history/oclc/432761319&referer=brief_results WorldCat 1981 ed]. | *Rawley, James A ., with Stephen D. Behrendt. ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/translantic-slave-trade-a-history/oclc/432761319&referer=brief_results WorldCat 1981 ed]. | ||
*Tadman, Michael. ''Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. FHL 975 H6t [http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculators-and-slaves-masters-traders-and-slaves-in-the-old-south/oclc/20294668&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Tadman, Michael. ''Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. FHL 975 H6t [http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculators-and-slaves-masters-traders-and-slaves-in-the-old-south/oclc/20294668&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. FHL 973F2th [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slave-trade-the-story-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade-1440-1870/oclc/36884041&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. FHL 973F2th [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slave-trade-the-story-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade-1440-1870/oclc/36884041&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman.''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery''. Boston: Little Brown, 1974. FHL 973 H6fr [http://www.worldcat.org/title/time-on-the-cross-tthe-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/oclc/741011&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman.''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery''. Boston: Little Brown, 1974. FHL 973 H6fr [http://www.worldcat.org/title/time-on-the-cross-tthe-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/oclc/741011&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. ''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slavery-in-the-south-a-state-by-state-history/oclc/57436276&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | *Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. ''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slavery-in-the-south-a-state-by-state-history/oclc/57436276&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | ||
*King, James F. ''Descriptive Data on Negro Slaves in Spanish Importation Records and Bills of Sale''. ''Journal of Negro History''. Volume 28 pages 204-230 | |||
=== Slave Trade Registers === | === Slave Trade Registers === | ||