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African American Slavery and Bondage: Difference between revisions
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''[[United States|United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[African American Research|African American Research]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[ | ''[[United States|United States]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[African American Research|African American Research]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[African American Slavery and Bondage|Slavery and Bondage]]'' | ||
African American slavery, plantation and other related records available for researchers. | African American slavery, plantation and other related records available for researchers. | ||
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[[Image:{{SlaveMarket}}]] | [[Image:{{SlaveMarket}}]] | ||
== Brief History of Slavery in America == | === Brief History of Slavery in America === | ||
{{Click|Image:AA_ORP.png|African_American_Online_Genealogy_Records}}Nearly 75 percent of people who arrived in America from Europe and Africa before 1776 were immigrants in bondage. Those from Africa almost always arrived enslaved. Those from Europe were often convicts, indentured servant apprentices, or became indentured servants to pay for the cost of their ocean crossing. In colonial times indentured servitude as an apprentice was considered the normal way to learn a trade (part of growing up), or a normal option for paying a large debt.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing The First Black Americans - US News and World Report.</ref><br><br> | {{Click|Image:AA_ORP.png|African_American_Online_Genealogy_Records}}Nearly 75 percent of people who arrived in America from Europe and Africa before 1776 were immigrants in bondage. Those from Africa almost always arrived enslaved. Those from Europe were often convicts, indentured servant apprentices, or became indentured servants to pay for the cost of their ocean crossing. In colonial times indentured servitude as an apprentice was considered the normal way to learn a trade (part of growing up), or a normal option for paying a large debt.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing The First Black Americans - US News and World Report.</ref><br><br> | ||
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American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. Owners were frequently forced by economics to sell off members of a slave's family. A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. In some cases, rather than free a slave as instructed in the owner's will, the slave was sold to help pay debts. A few slave owners allowed their slaves to earn money and purchase their family members or their own freedom. Slave marriages were usually not recorded by civil authorities until after the Civil War in [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. However, occasionally slave marriages are in the plantation, or owner family Bible records. | American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. Owners were frequently forced by economics to sell off members of a slave's family. A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. In some cases, rather than free a slave as instructed in the owner's will, the slave was sold to help pay debts. A few slave owners allowed their slaves to earn money and purchase their family members or their own freedom. Slave marriages were usually not recorded by civil authorities until after the Civil War in [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. However, occasionally slave marriages are in the plantation, or owner family Bible records. | ||
== Slave Records == | === Slave Records === | ||
[[Image:{{SlaveRcpt}}]][[Image:{{PlantRec}}]]Finding an African American ancestor who was enslaved almost always means finding the records of the family that owned him or her. | [[Image:{{SlaveRcpt}}]][[Image:{{PlantRec}}]]Finding an African American ancestor who was enslaved almost always means finding the records of the family that owned him or her. | ||
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=== Registers of Slaves and Freedmen and Manumission Papers === | === Registers of Slaves and Freedmen and Manumission Papers === | ||
By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free | By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, or among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate records, or even with taxation records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies. | ||
=== Slave Trade === | |||
*Deyle, Steven. ''Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life''. New Yourk: Oxford University Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/carry-me-back-the-domestic-slave-trade-in-american-life/oclc/61342034&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
*Gundmestad, Robert H. ''A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade''. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/troublesome-commerce-the-transformation-of-the-interstate-slave-trade/oclc/52153836&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
*Rawley, James A ., with Stephen D. Behrendt. ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/translantic-slave-trade-a-history/oclc/432761319&referer=brief_results WorldCat 1981 ed]. | |||
*Tadman, Michael. ''Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. FHL 975 H6t [http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculators-and-slaves-masters-traders-and-slaves-in-the-old-south/oclc/20294668&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
*Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. FHL 973F2th [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slave-trade-the-story-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade-1440-1870/oclc/36884041&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
*Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman.''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery''. Boston: Little Brown, 1974. FHL 973 H6fr [http://www.worldcat.org/title/time-on-the-cross-tthe-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/oclc/741011&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
*Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. ''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slavery-in-the-south-a-state-by-state-history/oclc/57436276&referer=brief_results WorldCat] | |||
=== Slave Trade Registers === | === Slave Trade Registers === | ||
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*[[Beginning United States Civil War Research|Beginning United States Civil War Research]] gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Louisiana in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below). | *[[Beginning United States Civil War Research|Beginning United States Civil War Research]] gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Louisiana in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below). | ||
*Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, Division of Insurance.''[http://insurance2.illinois.gov/Consumer/SlaveryInformation/SlaveryReporting.asp Slavery Era Insurance Policies Registry]''. A database about insurance policies issued for slaveholders, arranged slaveholder's name may be searched by state's abbreviation (VA for Virginia) | |||
*National Park Service, [http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/ The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System], is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information. | *National Park Service, [http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/ The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System], is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information. | ||
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{{featured article}} | {{featured article}} | ||
[[Category:African_American Records] [[Category:Slavery_and_Bondage]] | [[Category:African_American Records] | ||
[[Category:Slavery_and_Bondage]] | |||