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Chippewa Tribe: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Chippewa, Arrow-Maker.jpg|thumb|right|180x202px]] | [[Image:Chippewa, Arrow-Maker.jpg|thumb|right|180x202px|Chippewa, Arrow-Maker.jpg]] | ||
[[Image:Chippewa, Woman and Infant, (1900).jpg|thumb|right|183x204px]] | [[Image:Chippewa, Woman and Infant, (1900).jpg|thumb|right|183x204px|Chippewa, Woman and Infant, (1900).jpg]] | ||
To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]] | To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]] | ||
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'''See also:''' [[Chippewa-Cree Indians|Chippewa-Cree]] | '''See also:''' [[Chippewa-Cree Indians|Chippewa-Cree]] | ||
=== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Rocky Boy (Stone Child) dressed in an ornate attire, NO. 120.jpg|thumb|right|240x260px]]Tribal Headquarters === | === [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Rocky Boy (Stone Child) dressed in an ornate attire, NO. 120.jpg|thumb|right|240x260px|Chippewa, Chief Rocky Boy (Stone Child) dressed in an ornate attire, NO. 120.jpg]]Tribal Headquarters === | ||
[http://www.glitc.org/ Great Lakes Inter-tribal Council Tribal]'''<br>'''St. Croix Chippewa Community<br>24663 Angeline Avenue - Webster WI 54893<br>Phone: 715-349-2195 - Fax: 715-349-5768<br> | [http://www.glitc.org/ Great Lakes Inter-tribal Council Tribal]'''<br>'''St. Croix Chippewa Community<br>24663 Angeline Avenue - Webster WI 54893<br>Phone: 715-349-2195 - Fax: 715-349-5768<br> | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana Little Shell Tribe Of Chippewa Indians of Montana]<br> | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Shell_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians_of_Montana Little Shell Tribe Of Chippewa Indians of Montana]<br>P.O. Box 543<br>Black Eagle, MT 59414<br>Phone (406) 315-2400<br>Fax (406) 315-2401<br>email: ggray@gng.net | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
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The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan)<ref>Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) ;A href="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm" _fcksavedurl="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm"Available online.</ref>. | The Chippewa or Ojibway Indians are one of the largest groups of American Indians in North America. There are nearly 150 different bands of Chippewa in the northern part of the United States and in southern Canada (especially in Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan)<ref>Facts for Kids: Ojibway Indians (Chippewa, Ojibway) ;A href="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm" _fcksavedurl="http://www.bigorrin.org/chippewa_kids.htm"Available online.</ref>. | ||
The Chippewa were exposed to non-indians in the early 1600's.The tribe established trade relations with the French. During the French and Indian War they fought | The Chippewa were exposed to non-indians in the early 1600's.The tribe established trade relations with the French. During the French and Indian War, they fought the English and French to protect their land and race. | ||
Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribal warfare brought them together with the [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa,]] [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi,]] Sac, Meskwaki and [[Kickapoo Indians|Kickapoo]] to defeat the Illinois in 1769. | Relationships with other tribes developed as inter tribal warfare brought them together with the [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa,]] [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi,]] Sac, Meskwaki and [[Kickapoo Indians|Kickapoo]] to defeat the Illinois in 1769. | ||
The tribe fought | The tribe fought the British Colonies during the Revolutionary War. | ||
Land cessions began | Land cessions began before 1815, and continued to the early 1900s. As land was ceded, many tribal members migrated north, south, and west. | ||
Commencing in 1860, the tribe was removed to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. Relocation to northeastern Oklahoma continued up to the early 1900s. They (the Swan Creek and Black River Saginaw Chippewa's with some Munsee), were forced to join the Cherokee in northeastern Oklahoma where they lost their tribal identity. In 1882, they were assigned to Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota, and later assigned to the [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (Montana)|Rocky Boy's reservation in]] Montana with the Cree tribe with whom they had united with in the 1890's. Later becoming known as the [[Chippewa-Cree Indians|Chippewa-Cree]]. | |||
The Chippewa's have lived in the western part of North America for an extremely long time. They had an early warning (the Seven Fires Prophecy) and prepared. Even before the whites invaded. Lewis and Clark knew the Chippewa's or Chippaways, were living in Texas long before 1805. William Clark wrote in his journals under Estimates for the Eastern Indians, that they lived in Texas. They are listed number 53. Click this [http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/?_xmlsrc=1804-1805.winter.part2.xml&_xslsrc=LCstyles.xsl lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/read/] link to read about it. Or google Lewis and Clarks journals.<br> | |||
==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands ==== | ==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe and/or Bands ==== | ||
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==== Brief Timeline ==== | ==== Brief Timeline ==== | ||
*'''1622:''' | *'''1622:''' Encountered a Frenchman employed by Samuel de Champlain | ||
*'''1689-1763:''' | *'''1689-1763:''' Fought the English and French in the French and Indian War, to protect their land and race | ||
*'''1754-63:''' | *'''1754-63:''' Fought the English and French in another French and Indian War | ||
*'''1769:''' | *'''1763: '''Led by their leader '''By-yon-di-ac (Pontiac)''', they fought the English who protected the French Colony in Quebec. | ||
*'''1776-1783: '''Fought | *'''1769:''' Led the [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa,]] [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi,]] Sac, Meskwaki and [[Kickapoo Indians|Kickapoo]] to defeat the Illinois tribe after the English hired an Illini assassin to kill Pontiac. | ||
*'''1815:'''Ceded much of their land | *'''1776-1783: '''Fought the British and their colonies during the Revolutionary War | ||
*'''1783-1795: '''Fought the English and their American Colonies for control of the Midwest. The war ended after the Chippewa's lost the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Land cessions soon commenced. | |||
*'''1811-1815: '''Fought the English and their American Colonies, to defend their land and race. After losing the conflict, the Chippewa's ceded more land. | |||
*'''1815:''' Ceded much of their land | |||
*'''1830:''' in opposition to the Indian removal Act; many of the tribe moved north to Canada. Some remained in the U.S | *'''1830:''' in opposition to the Indian removal Act; many of the tribe moved north to Canada. Some remained in the U.S | ||
*'''1833: '''On September 26, 1833, a treaty set aside a 5 million acre Reservation for the Chippewa's who originally lived in southern Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. It was located in western Iowa, extreme southern Minnesota, and northwestern Missouri. In Iowa, it extended up to where Spirit Lake is located then into extreme southern Minnesota.<br> | *'''1833: '''On September 26, 1833, a treaty set aside a 5 million acre Reservation for the Chippewa's who originally lived in southern Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan. It was located in western Iowa, extreme southern Minnesota, and northwestern Missouri. In Iowa, it extended up to where Spirit Lake is located then into extreme southern Minnesota..<br> | ||
*'''1836:''' May 9, the Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa sign a treaty | *'''1836:''' May 9, the Swan Creek and Black River Saginaw Chippewa's, sign a treaty which eventually led to the exodus of 1838-1839.<br> | ||
*'''1836: '''In this year the United States used fraud to illegally take a large part of the 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation in Iowa, extreme southern Minnesota, and northwestern Missouri. The Platte Purchase was fraudulent and led to a short minor war (Heatherly War) in 1836. Mormons commenced to increase their missionary work among the Chippewa's of this location. It led to civil strife. | *'''1836: '''In this year the United States used fraud to illegally take a large part of the 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation in Iowa, extreme southern Minnesota, and northwestern Missouri. The Platte Purchase was fraudulent and led to a short minor war (Heatherly War) in 1836. Mormons commenced to increase their missionary work among the Chippewa's of this location. It led to civil strife. | ||
*'''1838-1839:''' Swan Creek and Black River Saginaw Chippewa's followed prophecy and commenced an exodus west into Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas. They eventually settled in Kansas. Most continued to follow prophecy and migrated down to northern Mexico. The State of Coahuila, where a very large Reservation was set aside for them. Chief Eshtonoquot was one of the principle Chippewa leaders during the 1838-1839 exodus. | *'''1838-1839:''' Swan Creek and Black River Saginaw Chippewa's followed prophecy and commenced an exodus west into Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas. They eventually settled in Kansas. Most continued to follow prophecy and migrated down to northern Mexico. The State of Coahuila, where a very large Reservation was set aside for them. Chief Eshtonoquot was one of the principle Chippewa leaders during the 1838-1839 exodus. | ||
*'''1846: '''On June 5 and 17 of 1846, the United States broke treaty and illegally eradicated the 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation in Iowa and northwestern Missouri. After the Reservation was eradicated, large numbers of Chippewa's followed prophecy and migrated west and to Mexico. Among them was probably chief Big Bear and the parents of chief Rocky Boy. Actually, Chief Big Bear may have been chief Rocky Boy's father. Chief Little Bear (he was one of chief Big Bears sons) told the whites his father lived along the Snake River in southeastern Idaho. They moved up to the Black Hills of southwestern Montana. Chief Rocky Boy was born in either 1852 or 1853, near what would become Anaconda, Montana. After the eradication of the Chippewa's Iowa and Missouri Reservation, some of the Chippewa's relocated to eastern Kansas. The United States no longer referred to the Chippewa's of the old Chippewa Reservation in Iowa and Missouri, as Chippewa. They commenced to call them Potawatomi. Later, they included the Citizen Chippewa's as Citizen Potawatomi likewise. The Prairie Potawatomi Reservation of Kansas is really a Chippewa Reservation. They are the same people. The only part of the 5 million acre Reservation remaining now, is the Sac & Fox and Ioway Reservation of Nebraska. It borders the old 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation. Of course, the Sac and Ioway are Chippewa.<br> | *'''1846: '''On June 5 and 17 of 1846, the United States broke treaty and illegally eradicated the 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation in Iowa, extreme southern Minnesota, and northwestern Missouri. After the Reservation was eradicated, large numbers of Chippewa's followed prophecy and migrated west and to Mexico. Among them was probably chief Big Bear and the parents of chief Rocky Boy. Actually, Chief Big Bear may have been chief Rocky Boy's father. Chief Little Bear (he was one of chief Big Bears sons) told the whites his father lived along the Snake River in southeastern Idaho. They moved up to the Black Hills of southwestern Montana. Chief Rocky Boy was born in either 1852 or 1853, near what would become Anaconda, Montana. After the eradication of the Chippewa's Iowa and Missouri Reservation, some of the Chippewa's relocated to eastern Kansas. The United States no longer referred to the Chippewa's of the old Chippewa Reservation in Iowa and Missouri, as Chippewa. They commenced to call them Potawatomi. Later, they included the Citizen Chippewa's as Citizen Potawatomi likewise. The Prairie Potawatomi Reservation of Kansas is really a Chippewa Reservation. They are the same people. The only part of the 5 million acre Reservation remaining now, is the Sac & Fox and Ioway Reservation of Nebraska. It borders the old 5 million acre Chippewa Reservation. Of course, the Sac and Ioway are Chippewa.<br> | ||
*'''1846-1847: '''Another large exodus commenced in 1846-1847. Over 70,000 Chippewa's, other Indians, and blacks migrated west into Utah. A few Mormon Missionaries were amongst them. From Utah, they sent out exploration parties to find land the whites would vomit over. They found it in the deserts of Arizona, California, and Nevada. Not all moved to those locations however. Many moved to the region just east of Los Angeles, California. Pomona and the San Bernardino region was settled by them. In response to the massive exodus, the United States launched a war for control of Mexico including California. | *'''1846-1847: '''Another large exodus commenced in 1846-1847. Over 70,000 Chippewa's, other Indians, and blacks migrated west into Utah. A few Mormon Missionaries were amongst them. From Utah, they sent out exploration parties to find land the whites would vomit over. They found it in the deserts of Arizona, California, and Nevada. Not all moved to those locations however. Many moved to the region just east of Los Angeles, California. Pomona and the San Bernardino region was settled by them. In response to the massive exodus, the United States launched a war for control of Mexico including California. | ||
*'''1847: ''' | *'''1847: '''Ceded more land in Michigan and Wisconsin | ||
*'''1860-1908:''' | *'''1860-1908:''' Removed to Indian territory (Oklahoma) among the Cherokee<br> | ||
*'''1860-1885: '''Fought a series of wars against the white invaders in Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Alberta, and Saskatchewan. | |||
*'''1864-1865: '''Another large exodus was commenced by the Chippewa's of Kansas during late 1864 and early 1865. Chief Eshtonoquot organized the large exodus. The United States learned about the large number of Indians and blacks migrating to Mexico and sent a force of several hundred of their soldiers to try and halt the exodus. A battle (the Battle of Dove Creek) was fought on January 8, 1865 in northwestern Texas in which the Indians defeated the United States. The exodus continued. They eventually settled down in the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Coahuila. Mexican leaders formed an alliance with the Indians and blacks. They created several very large Reservations for the Indians and blacks in the Mexican States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sinaloa, and Sonora. | *'''1864-1865: '''Another large exodus was commenced by the Chippewa's of Kansas during late 1864 and early 1865. Chief Eshtonoquot organized the large exodus. The United States learned about the large number of Indians and blacks migrating to Mexico and sent a force of several hundred of their soldiers to try and halt the exodus. A battle (the Battle of Dove Creek) was fought on January 8, 1865 in northwestern Texas in which the Indians defeated the United States. The exodus continued. They eventually settled down in the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Coahuila. Mexican leaders formed an alliance with the Indians and blacks. They created several very large Reservations for the Indians and blacks in the Mexican States of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Sinaloa, and Sonora. | ||
*'''1868: '''On June 1, 1868, a treaty was signed with Chippewa leaders of Kansas. Chief Eshtonoquot had recently died. After his death, new Chippewa leaders were more willing to relocate. They agreed to relocate to a new Reservation (the Navajo Reservation) in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Another treaty was supposedly signed also on June 1, 1868, at Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory which set aside the Navajo Reservation. However, the United States did not ratify (they don't recognize the Navajo Reservation) the June 1, 1868 Treaty signed at Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory. That's why | *'''1868: '''On June 1, 1868, a treaty was signed with Chippewa leaders of Kansas. Chief Eshtonoquot had recently died. After his death, new Chippewa leaders were more willing to relocate. They agreed to relocate to a new Reservation (the Navajo Reservation) in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Another treaty was supposedly signed also on June 1, 1868, at Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory which set aside the Navajo Reservation. However, the United States did not ratify (they don't recognize the Navajo Reservation) the June 1, 1868 Treaty signed at Fort Sumner, New Mexico Territory. That's why the June 1, 1868 Treaty signed by Chippewa leaders in Kansas, is an important backup. | ||
*'''1890's''' | *'''1890's''' The Chippewa tribe united with the [[Cree Indians|Cree tribe]] | ||
*'''1892:''' | *'''1892:''' Chiefs Little Shell III and Red Thunder, refused to sign the illegal McCumber Agreement which was about 11 million acres along the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota, and the vast [[Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation (North Dakota)|Turtle Mountain Reservation in]] set aside in 1882. | ||
*'''1898: '''A short Rebelllion was fought in northern Minnesota. Chief Bugonaygishig led Chippewa soldiers during the short war to restore Chippewa Reservations in Minnesota. Through treaty agreements, the United States returned the Reservations. | *'''1898: '''A short Rebelllion was fought in northern Minnesota. Chief Bugonaygishig led Chippewa soldiers during the short war to restore Chippewa Reservations in Minnesota. Through treaty agreements, the United States returned the Reservations. | ||
*'''1910-1920: '''In northern Mexico, the large Reservations created for the Chippewa's, other Indians, and blacks were eradicated by Mexico. It led to the 1910-1920 Mexican Civil War. Indian and black soldiers fought their way south into southern Mexico. The settled between the Mexican States of Nayarit and Oaxaca. Many of the blacks settled in the region where Costa Chica is located. | *'''1910-1920: '''In northern Mexico, the large Reservations created for the Chippewa's, other Indians, and blacks were eradicated by Mexico. It led to the 1910-1920 Mexican Civil War. Indian and black soldiers fought their way south into southern Mexico. The settled between the Mexican States of Nayarit and Oaxaca. Many of the blacks settled in the region where Costa Chica is located. | ||
*'''1916:''' | *'''1916:''' Assigned to [[Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation (Montana)|Rocky Boy's Reservation in]] Montana with the Plains Cree | ||
*'''1968:''' | *'''1968:''' The American Indian Movement (AIM) founded by three Ojibwa: Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, and Clyde Bellecourt | ||
==== Reservations ==== | ==== Reservations ==== | ||
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National Archives film M234, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affaris, 1824-1881. Includes 1. 1838 list of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie entitled to benefits at the Council Bluffs Agency. (File H571, Roll 215) 2. 1878 lists of heads of families for Pillager and Lake Winnebigoshish Chippewa, (Fild K259, Roll 1166) 3. 1878 lists of heads of families for White Oake, Point and Mississippi Chippewa, (File K266, Roll 166)(source: NAR RR#1002) | National Archives film M234, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affaris, 1824-1881. Includes 1. 1838 list of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie entitled to benefits at the Council Bluffs Agency. (File H571, Roll 215) 2. 1878 lists of heads of families for Pillager and Lake Winnebigoshish Chippewa, (Fild K259, Roll 1166) 3. 1878 lists of heads of families for White Oake, Point and Mississippi Chippewa, (File K266, Roll 166)(source: NAR RR#1002) | ||
==== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Kenawash, 3.jpg|thumb|right|232x264px]]Treaties ==== | ==== [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Kenawash, 3.jpg|thumb|right|232x264px|Chippewa, Chief Kenawash, 3.jpg]]Treaties ==== | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0006.htm 1785] January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0006.htm 1785] January 21, at Fort McIntosh - Wyandot | ||
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*November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa | *November 17, 1807, at Detroit - Ottawa | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0099.htm 1808] November 25, at Brownstown | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/chi0099.htm 1808] November 25, at Brownstown | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0162.htm 1815] September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Obtossaway.jpg|thumb|right|217x248px]] | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0162.htm 1815] September 8, at Spring Wells - Wyandot [[Image:Chippewa, Chief Obtossaway.jpg|thumb|right|217x248px|Chippewa, Chief Obtossaway.jpg]] | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0132.htm 1816] August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/ott0132.htm 1816] August 24, at St. Louis - Ottawa | ||
*[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0145.htm 1817] September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot | *[http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/wya0145.htm 1817] September 29, on the Miami - Wyandot | ||