Australia Convict Records
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Convicts first arrived in Australia in 1788, when the British government established a penal colony at Port Jackson, Sydney Bay. Records about convicts transported to Australia are numerous and play a major role in Australian family history research.
Online Resources
- 1786-1849 Australia Convict Ships 1786-1849 at FindMyPast - index & images ($)
- 1787-1867 Web: Australia, Convict Records Index, 1787-1867 at Ancestry - index ($)
- 1788-1842 Australia List of Convicts with Particulars, 1788-1842 at Ancestry - index & images ($)
- 1791-1867 Australia Convict Conditional and Absolute Pardons 1791-1867 at FindMyPast - index & images ($)
- 1791-1868 - Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868 at Ancestry, Index ($)
- 1824-1874 Australia Convict Tickets Of Leave 1824-1874(*) at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index & images; Also at: FindMyPast($)
- 1829-1879 - New South Wales, Australia, Sheriff's Papers, 1829-1879 at Ancestry - index & images ($)
- 1838-1912 Australia, South Australia, Prison Records, 1838-1912 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index & images
- Australia's First Fleet
- First Fleet Online
- Australia's Second Fleet
- Australia's Third Fleet
- Ireland-Australia transportation database, National Archives of Ireland
- Convict Records of Australia
- Library of Wales, Crime and Punishment database
- Proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674-1834 The punishment of transportation for a crime tried in London by the Old Bailey Court resulted in exile to Australia. The site can be search by several categories, including by name for the punishment resulting in transportation.
Types of Convict Records
Tickets of Leave Butts
- Tickets of leave were issued to convicts having served about half of their sentences with good behavior.
- These tickets allowed convicts to seek employment as they wished but limited their movement to a certain district for the remainder of their sentences.
- Prior to 1828, bench magistrates granted tickets of leave and approved applications for convicts to marry.
- The actual ticket of leave was issued to the convict; the government retained the ticket of leave butts.
- Ticket of leave butts listed the convict’s name, ship, and date of arrival, native place, trade or calling, date and place of trial and sentence, a physical description, and the district to which he or she was confined.
Certificates of Freedom
- A certificate of freedom was a document stating that a convict's sentence had been served and was usually given to convicts with a 7, 10 or 14 year sentence or when they received a pardon.
- Convicts with a life sentence could receive a Pardon, but not a Certificate of Freedom.
- The Certificate of Freedom number was sometimes annotated on the indent or noted on a Ticket of Leave Butt.
- The government retained certificates of freedom butts, which were similar to ticket of leave butts.
Pardons
- Both conditional and absolute pardons were generally granted to convicts with life sentences.
- Conditional pardons required that the ex-convict never return to the British Isles or his or her pardon would be void.
- Absolute pardons allowed an ex-convict to return to the British Isles if he or she wished.
- Pardon records contain information similar to tickets of leave: the convict’s name, ship, and date of arrival, native place, trade or calling, date and place of trial and sentence, a physical description, and the district to which he or she was confined.
Convict indents
- Convict indents were lists that were made when convicts arrived on transport ships.
- Information given in indents is similar to that in tickets of leave but also includes a convict’s marital status and number of children and whether the convict was literate.
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- New South Wales holds more convict records than any other state. Of the approximately 150,000 convicts transported to Australia from Great Britain between 1788 and 1850, nearly 90,000 of them went to the region of New South Wales, which then covered a substantial portion of Australia.
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- Tasmania received more than 60,000 convicts from Great Britain in addition to convicts from other colonies. The ticket of leave butts and certificate of freedom butts for the over 67,000 convicts sent to Tasmania have not survived. The main records for Tasmanian convicts are the convict conduct registers. Information contained in these registers are similar to the tickets of leave and certificates of freedom. Description lists are also available for Tasmanian convicts and give detailed descriptions of the convicts.
- Western Australia, Australia, Convict Records, 1846-1930 at Ancestry, index ($)
- South Australian transported convicts 1837-1851
- Queensland Convict Register Index 1824-1839 at FindMyPast, index ($)
- Victoria Register of convicts, 1842–1854
FamilySearch Library
For Further Reading
The following books are good sources for further information about convicts and the English penal and transportation systems:
- Bateson, Charles. The Convict Ships. 2nd ed. Glasgow, Scotland: Brown, Son & Ferguson, 1969. (FHL book 994 H2b.)
- Cobley, John F. C. C. The Crimes of the First Fleet Convicts. Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson, 1970. (FHL book 994 P2c.)
- Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore. New York, NY, USA: Alfred A. Knoft, 1987. (FHL book 994 H2hr.)