15
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added references to 4th treaty (1865), 1868 treaty w/Sioux, recreation of PTN
m (added Puncahs to alternative spellings (Catlin 1832)) |
(added references to 4th treaty (1865), 1868 treaty w/Sioux, recreation of PTN) |
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To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]]<br> | To get started in [[American Indian Genealogy|American Indian Research]]<br> | ||
'''Various Spellings: '''Ponca Tribe''', '''Ponca, Poncar, Poncarar, Ponka, Puncahs | '''Various Spellings: '''Ponca Tribe''', '''Ponca, Poncar, Poncarar, Ponka, Puncahs | ||
The Ponca Tribe was located in villages along Ponca Creek near the Niobrara River in what is now northeastern Nebraska when they first encountered the European settlers. | The Ponca Tribe was located in villages along Ponca Creek near the Niobrara River in what is now northeastern Nebraska when they first encountered the European settlers. | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
The Ponca Tribe signed | The Ponca Tribe signed four treaties with the United States government -- the first in 1817, the second in 1825, the third in 1858, the fourth in 1865. Each was an attempt to affirm their peaceful intent and to regulate trade in the area in which they lived. | ||
Treaties between the government and other tribes gave the land claimed by the Ponca to the Sioux. As a result, in 1877, the Ponca were forced to remove to Indian Territory, specifically to the Quapaw Reservation. Two groups were removed that year, for a total of just under 700 tribal members. The following year, the Ponca established their own settlement from land on both sides of the Salt Fork River, from the west bank of the Arkansas River. An agency was established on the Salt Fork River, two miles from where it joined with the Arkansas. | Treaties between the government and other tribes gave the land claimed by the Ponca to the Sioux. As a result, in 1877, the Ponca were forced to remove to Indian Territory, specifically to the Quapaw Reservation. Two groups were removed that year, for a total of just under 700 tribal members. The following year, the Ponca established their own settlement from land on both sides of the Salt Fork River, from the west bank of the Arkansas River. An agency was established on the Salt Fork River, two miles from where it joined with the Arkansas. | ||
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:1789 -- First contact with Europeans | :1789 -- First contact with Europeans | ||
:1817 -- First | :1817 -- First treaty with the U.S. government | ||
:1825 -- Second | :1825 -- Second treaty with the U.S. government | ||
:1858 -- Third | :1858 -- Third treaty with the U.S. government | ||
:1877 -- Forced Removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of 681 Ponca | |||
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:1865 -- Fourth treaty with the U.S. government | |||
:1868 -- Sioux treaty with the U.S. government that included all Ponca lands | |||
:1877 -- Forced Removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of 681 Ponca | |||
:1878 -- Reservation established on Salt Fork River west of the Arkansas River in Indian Territory | :1878 -- Reservation established on Salt Fork River west of the Arkansas River in Indian Territory | ||
:1878 -- Chief Standing Bear left the reservation in Indian Territory to take his son's body back to the tribe's traditional grounds for burial. His arrest resulted in a famous trial that recognized Indians as "persons." | :1878 -- Chief Standing Bear left the reservation in Indian Territory to take his son's body back to the tribe's traditional grounds for burial. His arrest resulted in a famous trial that recognized Indians as "persons." | ||
:1966-- Ponca Tribe of Nebraska terminated | |||
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:1881 -- lands returned to Ponca in Nebraska; half of tribe returned. | |||
:1966 -- Ponca Tribe of Nebraska ("Northern Ponca") terminated in U.S. policy to terminate tribes (tribal membership 442, 838 acres tribal land) | |||
:1990 -- U.S. Congress approved Ponca Restoration Bill, created Ponca Tribe of Nebraska | |||
==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe<br> ==== | ==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe<br> ==== | ||