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'''Ponca Tribe of Nebraska''' | '''Ponca Tribe of Nebraska''' | ||
<br>'''Ponca Nation''' | PO Box 288 | ||
Niobrara NE 68760 | |||
voice 402.857.3391 | |||
fax 402.857.3736 | |||
official website of the [http://www.poncatribe-ne.org/ Ponca Tribe], Nebraska | |||
<br>'''Ponca Nation of Oklahoma''' | |||
20 White Eagle Drive | |||
Ponca City OK 74601 | |||
voice 580.762.9567 | |||
fax 580.762.2743 | |||
official website of the [http://www.ponca.com/home.html Ponca Nation], Oklahoma | |||
== History == | == History == | ||
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The Ponca Tribe signed four treaties with the United States government -- the first in 1817, the second in 1825, the third in 1858, the fourth in 1865. Each was an attempt to affirm their peaceful intent and to regulate trade in the area in which they lived. | The Ponca Tribe signed four treaties with the United States government -- the first in 1817, the second in 1825, the third in 1858, the fourth in 1865. Each was an attempt to affirm their peaceful intent and to regulate trade in the area in which they lived. | ||
Treaties between the government and | Treaties between the government and the Sioux/Lakota in 1868 gave the land claimed by the Ponca to the Sioux. As a result, in 1877, the Ponca were forced by the U.S. to remove to Indian Territory, specifically to the Quapaw Reservation. Two groups were removed that year, for a total of just under 700 tribal members. The following year, the Ponca established their own settlement from land on both sides of the Salt Fork River, from the west bank of the Arkansas River. An agency was established on the Salt Fork River, two miles from where it joined with the Arkansas. | ||
In the 1880s, the Ponca split into two -- the Northern Ponca Tribe on the Niobrara River in Nebraska and the Southern Ponca in what is now Oklahoma. | In the 1880s, the Ponca split into two -- the Northern Ponca Tribe on the Niobrara River in Nebraska and the Southern Ponca in what is now Oklahoma. | ||
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:1865 -- Fourth treaty with the U.S. government | :1865 -- Fourth treaty with the U.S. government | ||
:1868 -- | :1868 -- U.S. treaty with the Sioux/Lakota that included all Ponca lands | ||
:1877 -- Forced Removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of 681 Ponca | :1877 -- Forced Removal to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of 681 Ponca | ||
:1878 -- Reservation established on Salt Fork River west of the Arkansas River in Indian Territory | :1878 -- Reservation established on Salt Fork River west of the Arkansas River in Indian Territory | ||
:1878 -- Chief Standing Bear left the reservation in Indian Territory to take his son's body back to the tribe's traditional grounds for burial. His arrest resulted in a famous trial that recognized Indians as | :1878 -- Chief Standing Bear left the reservation in Indian Territory to take his son's body back to the tribe's traditional grounds for burial. His arrest resulted in a famous trial that recognized Indians as legal persons. | ||
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