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*Most immigrants were Spanish; specifically, '''Andalusians in the largest numbers, and then Basques (Basques settled largely in the Antioquia region)''', | *Most immigrants were Spanish; specifically, '''Andalusians in the largest numbers, and then Basques (Basques settled largely in the Antioquia region)''', | ||
*Those who entered from abroad came as individuals or in small family units. | *Those who entered from abroad came as individuals or in small family units. | ||
*Cartagena was also the main trade center for slavery. Between the 16th and first half of the 19th century, the slave trade flourished. | |||
*Masters who treated their slaves cruelly were liable for punishment. In Colombia, a slave was able and allowed to testify in court on matters of maltreatment and other legalities, and often did so. | |||
*In 1821, a free-birth law was enacted, and in 1852 all slaves were emancipated. | |||
*In 1953, the Institute of Land Settlement and Immigration was set up to direct the colonization of the '''underdeveloped regions of the country''' and was given the power to organize immigration for this purpose. | *In 1953, the Institute of Land Settlement and Immigration was set up to direct the colonization of the '''underdeveloped regions of the country''' and was given the power to organize immigration for this purpose. | ||
*After World War II, Colombia encouraged the immigration of '''skilled technicians." a | *After World War II, Colombia encouraged the immigration of '''skilled technicians." a | ||
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*'''Germans,''' as well as other foreigners, found acceptance in the upper class and frequently married into the white group. | *'''Germans,''' as well as other foreigners, found acceptance in the upper class and frequently married into the white group. | ||
*Some Lebanese married into the Guajira Indian tribe, but immigrants generally were most closely associated with the white upper class, which was generally receptive to ties with foreigners. | *Some Lebanese married into the Guajira Indian tribe, but immigrants generally were most closely associated with the white upper class, which was generally receptive to ties with foreigners. | ||
*Today, 10.6% of the population identify as Afro-Colombians and are of mixed-race descent known as either mulattos (European and African) or zambos (African and Amerindian) or often all three.<br> | |||
Thousands of documents related to the history of the slave trade in Latin America are held by the National Archives of Colombia and Cuba and are available online through their websites. This is the link to the Colombian site: [http://negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe]. Another interesting resource for historical perspective is "Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias" by Margaret M. Olsen which examines the Jesuit priest Alonso de Sandoval's important 1627 missionary history--the only existing published document that deals with Africans in the Americas at such an early date.<br> | |||
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== Immigration since Independence == | == Immigration since Independence == | ||