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==== U.S. - Native Relations ==== | ==== U.S. - Native Relations ==== | ||
When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, [https://familysearch.org | When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Superintendencies_of_Indian_Affairs Superintendents], and Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed. | ||
United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup> It was often the case that ''ex officio'' superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/toc.htm treaties] and obtain titles to Indian lands. | United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup> It was often the case that ''ex officio'' superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/toc.htm treaties] and obtain titles to Indian lands. | ||
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==== Reservation ==== | ==== Reservation ==== | ||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org | Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | ||
Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
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*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873) | *[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873) | ||
*[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]] (1850-1874) | *[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]] (1850-1874) | ||
*[https://familysearch.org | *[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Utah_Superintendency_of_Indian_Affairs Utah Superintendency] (1849-1880) | ||
*[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]] (1861-1870) | *[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]] (1861-1870) | ||
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==== Census Records ==== | ==== Census Records ==== | ||
There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org | There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Census U.S. decennial census records] and [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Census_Rolls Indian Census Rolls], both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940, many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. decennial census records. | ||
As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected. | As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected. | ||
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*[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM) | *[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM) | ||
*[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM) | *[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM) | ||
*[https://familysearch.org | *[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Sherman_Institute Sherman Institute] (Riverside, CA) | ||
*Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM) | *Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM) | ||
*[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM) | *[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM) | ||
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