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Guide to '''Navajo Indian family history, and genealogy''' census, school, and agencies and their records. The Navajo Nation is 27,000 square miles and the nation has over 320,000 tribal citizens living in 110 chapters or communities. <br>  
Guide to '''Navajo Indian family history, and genealogy''' census, school, and agencies and their records. The Navajo Nation is 27,000 square miles and the nation has over 320,000 tribal citizens living in 110 chapters or communities. <br>  
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{{Click|Image:AI_ORP.png|American Indian Online Genealogy Records|right}}The Navajo Nation<br>P.O. Box 9000, Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Telephone: (928) 871-6000<br>
{{Click|Image:AI_ORP.png|American Indian Online Genealogy Records|right}}The Navajo Nation<br>P.O. Box 9000, Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Telephone: (928) 871-6000<br>


=== '''History''' ===
=== '''History''' ===


The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation.  
The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation.  
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*'''1923-1936:''' Stock Reduction Program, The U.S. government killed more than 250,000 Navajo sheep and goats the horses. Part of soil conservation; "an acre could have no more than 6 sheep".  
*'''1923-1936:''' Stock Reduction Program, The U.S. government killed more than 250,000 Navajo sheep and goats the horses. Part of soil conservation; "an acre could have no more than 6 sheep".  
*'''1934:''' The Navaho Mounted Police was formed.  
*'''1934:''' The Navajo Mounted Police was formed.  
*'''1936:''' Window Rock, Arizona chosen as the site for the Navajo Central Agency. Now the Navajo Tribal Council.
*'''1936:''' Window Rock, Arizona chosen as the site for the Navajo Central Agency. Now the Navajo Tribal Council.


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The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>  
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>  


*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]  
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]  
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]  
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]  
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]  
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]  
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]  
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]


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Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br>  
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br>  


Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map  
Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map


[[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|center|450x375px|Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg]]<br>
[[Image:Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg|center|450x375px|Map of Navajo Nation Public Health Service.jpg]]


For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]<br>
For a different and more detailed map with locations in Navajo, click: [http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Map_Lg.cfm Navajo Reservation Map]


==== Superintendencies  ====
==== Superintendencies  ====
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As stated previously, the superintendent of Indian affairs oversaw Indian agents. As for the Navajo Indians, at times superintendents were at odds as to whom held authority over areas occupied by the Navajos. Neighboring superitendents also assisted governing superintendents over the Navajos. Over time territorial boundaries also shifted and changed. The New Mexico and Arizona Superitendency are the main record holders for Navajo information.<br>  
As stated previously, the superintendent of Indian affairs oversaw Indian agents. As for the Navajo Indians, at times superintendents were at odds as to whom held authority over areas occupied by the Navajos. Neighboring superitendents also assisted governing superintendents over the Navajos. Over time territorial boundaries also shifted and changed. The New Mexico and Arizona Superitendency are the main record holders for Navajo information.<br>  


*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873)  
*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873)
*[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]] (1850-1874)  
*[[New Mexico Superintendency of Indian Affairs|New Mexico Superintenedency]] (1850-1874)
*[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Utah_Superintendency_of_Indian_Affairs Utah Superintendency] (1849-1880)  
*[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Utah_Superintendency_of_Indian_Affairs Utah Superintendency] (1849-1880)
*[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]] (1861-1870)
*[[Colorado Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Colorado Superintendency]] (1861-1870)


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*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Record Group Number 75]: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Record Group Number 75]: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs


The BIA also has listed a publication by the Office of Public Affairs-Indian Affairs called, [http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc-002619.pdf "A Guide to Tracing American Indian &amp; Alaska Native Ancestry"] which can help guide your research.  
The BIA also has listed a publication by the Office of Public Affairs-Indian Affairs called, [http://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/text/idc-002619.pdf "A Guide to Tracing American Indian &amp; Alaska Native Ancestry"] which can help guide your research.


==== Census Records  ====
==== Census Records  ====


There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Census U.S. decennial census records] and [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Census_Rolls Indian Census Rolls], both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940, many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. decennial census records.  
There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Census U.S. decennial census records] and [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Census_Rolls Indian Census Rolls], both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940, many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. decennial census records.


As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected.  
As the result of a number of issues surrounding land, the federal government and especially with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act Indian Reorganization Act of 1934] (a.k.a Wheeler-Howard Act) which encouraged Natives to determining their membership and enrollment. The question set before Natives was, "Who is an Indian?" To help move the issue along, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws#Tribes_requiring_1.2F4_degree_blood_quantum_for_membership Blood Quantum] was introduced as a requirement for tribal membership, allowing tribes to select the degree of ancestry for an individual to be considered part of a specific tribe. As for the Navajos, 1/4 degree of blood for membership was selected.


For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Degree_of_Indian_Blood Certificate Degree of Indian Blood] or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records.  
For those that were enrolled into a federally recognized tribe are given a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_Degree_of_Indian_Blood Certificate Degree of Indian Blood] or CIB and are assigned an Indian Census Number unique to each individual. Knowing your relatives' Indian Census Number can be quite helpful when searching the Indian Census Rolls and can help eliminate confusion, but not all Indian Census Roll takers included censuses. At times the U.S. decennial census taker would include Census Numbers in their records.


==== Enrollment  ====
==== Enrollment  ====


For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact:  
For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact:


<br>Navajo Office of Vital Records<br>P.O. Box 9000 <br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515  
Navajo Office of Vital Records<br>P.O. Box 9000 <br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515


(928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020  
(928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020


==== Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940  ====
==== Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940  ====


The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/free-us-indian-census-rolls.htm Accessgenealogy.com] does provide free access to Navajo Indian census rolls on-line.&nbsp; Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of Indian Census Rolls, not including educational censuses:<br>
The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed.<br><br>When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc).<br><br>Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/free-us-indian-census-rolls.htm Accessgenealogy.com] does provide free access to Navajo Indian census rolls on-line.&nbsp; Searching microfilm at LDS Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. <br><br>Here is a sample of Indian Census Rolls, not including educational censuses:  


====== Eastern Agency Area Records:  ======
====== Eastern Agency Area Records:  ======


*1929 (M595 Roll 98) FHL:575790<br>
*1929 (M595 Roll 98) FHL:575790
*1930 (M595 Roll 99) FHL:575791<br>
*1930 (M595 Roll 99) FHL:575791
*1931 (M595 Roll 100) FHL: 575792  
*1931 (M595 Roll 100) FHL: 575792
*1932 (M595 Roll 101) FHL: 575793<br>
*1932 (M595 Roll 101) FHL: 575793
*1933 (M595 Roll 102) FHL:575794  
*1933 (M595 Roll 102) FHL:575794
*1934-35 (M595 Roll 103) FHL: 575795<br>
*1934-35 (M595 Roll 103) FHL: 575795
*1937 (M595 Roll 275) FHL:579685<br>
*1937 (M595 Roll 275) FHL:579685


====== Hopi and Navajo Indians:  ======
====== Hopi and Navajo Indians:  ======


*1930 (M595 Roll 190) FHL: 576879 (*taken in Keams Canyon area)<br>
*1930 (M595 Roll 190) FHL: 576879 (*taken in Keams Canyon area)
*1931 (M595 Roll 191) FHL:576880  
*1931 (M595 Roll 191) FHL:576880  
*1932 (M595 Roll 192) FHL:576881  
*1932 (M595 Roll 192) FHL:576881  
*1933 (M595 Roll 193) FHL:576882  
*1933 (M595 Roll 193) FHL:576882  
*1934-36 (M595 Roll 194) FHL:576883<br>
*1934-36 (M595 Roll 194) FHL:576883


====== Leupp Agency Area Records:  ======
====== Leupp Agency Area Records:  ======


*1915-17, 1920-25, 1927, 1929 (M595 Roll 249) FHL:576938 (*actual census is from 1920-29)  
*1915-17, 1920-25, 1927, 1929 (M595 Roll 249) FHL:576938 (*actual census is from 1920-29)
*1930-32 (M595 Roll 250) FHL:576939  
*1930-32 (M595 Roll 250) FHL:576939
*1933-35 (M595 Roll 251) FHL:576940  
*1933-35 (M595 Roll 251) FHL:576940
*1937 (M595 Roll 276) FHL: 579686<br>
*1937 (M595 Roll 276) FHL: 579686


====== Navajo Agency Records<br> ======
====== Navajo Agency Records  ======


*1885: with 1891 general schedule and letter, 1898 (M595 Roll 272) FHL:579682  
*1885: with 1891 general schedule and letter, 1898 (M595 Roll 272) FHL:579682  
*1915: Navajo (M595 Roll 273) FHL:579683  
*1915: Navajo (M595 Roll 273) FHL:579683
*1909-12, 1914: Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 401) (*established from the Old Navajo Agency)  
*1909-12, 1914: Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 401) (*established from the Old Navajo Agency)
*1915-19:Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 402)  
*1915-19:Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 402)
*1920-24, 26:Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 403)  
*1920-24, 26:Pueblo Bonito (M595 Roll 403)
*1904-05, 1916:San Jacinto and San Juan (M595 Roll 471) FHL:571481 (* San Jacinto is a training school in CA. The 1916 section deals with the San Juan Navajos in the Shiprock area)  
*1904-05, 1916:San Jacinto and San Juan (M595 Roll 471) FHL:571481 (* San Jacinto is a training school in CA. The 1916 section deals with the San Juan Navajos in the Shiprock area)
*1930: Navajo FHL:496553 (Shiprock area)  
*1930: Navajo FHL:496553 (Shiprock area)
*1936:Navajo (M595 Roll 274) FHL:579684  
*1936:Navajo (M595 Roll 274) FHL:579684
*1938-39:Navajo (M595 Roll 282) FHL:579692
*1938-39:Navajo (M595 Roll 282) FHL:579692


====== Northern Agency Area Records  ======
====== Northern Agency Area Records  ======


*1930 (M595 Roll 303) FHL: 579713<br>
*1930 (M595 Roll 303) FHL: 579713
*1931 (M595 Roll 304) FHL: 579714<br>
*1931 (M595 Roll 304) FHL: 579714
*1932 (M595 Roll 305) FHL: 579715<br>
*1932 (M595 Roll 305) FHL: 579715
*1933 (M595 Roll 306) FHL: 579716<br>
*1933 (M595 Roll 306) FHL: 579716
*1934-36 (M595 Roll 307) FHL: 579717<br>
*1934-36 (M595 Roll 307) FHL: 579717
*1937 (M595 Roll 277) FHL: 579687<br>
*1937 (M595 Roll 277) FHL: 579687


====== Southern Agency Area Records  ======
====== Southern Agency Area Records  ======
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*1933: New Mexico (M595 Roll 527) FHL 5818902  
*1933: New Mexico (M595 Roll 527) FHL 5818902  
*1934: A-G Arizona (M595 Roll 528) FHL: 581903  
*1934: A-G Arizona (M595 Roll 528) FHL: 581903  
*1934: H-Z Arizona (M595 Roll 529) FHL:581904<br>
*1934: H-Z Arizona (M595 Roll 529) FHL:581904
*1934: New Mexico (M595 Roll 530) FHL:581905<br>
*1934: New Mexico (M595 Roll 530) FHL:581905
*1934-135:(M595 Roll 531) FHL:581906<br>
*1934-135:(M595 Roll 531) FHL:581906
*1937:Arizona (M595 Roll 278) FHL: 579688<br>
*1937:Arizona (M595 Roll 278) FHL: 579688
*1937:Arizona (M595 Roll 279) FHL:579689  
*1937:Arizona (M595 Roll 279) FHL:579689
*1937:New Mexico (M595 Roll 280) FHL:579690<br>
*1937:New Mexico (M595 Roll 280) FHL:579690


====== Western Agency Area Records<br>  ======
====== Western Agency Area Records<br>  ======


*1915-29 (M595 Roll 640) FHL:573099 (*1915-28 are Hopi and 1929 are Navajo)  
*1915-29 (M595 Roll 640) FHL:573099 (*1915-28 are Hopi and 1929 are Navajo)
*1930 (M595 Roll 641) FHL;573100  
*1930 (M595 Roll 641) FHL;573100
*1931 (M595 Roll 642) FHL:573101  
*1931 (M595 Roll 642) FHL:573101
*1932 (M595 Roll 643) FHL:573102  
*1932 (M595 Roll 643) FHL:573102  
*1933 (M595 Roll 644) FHL:573103  
*1933 (M595 Roll 644) FHL:573103  
*1934-35 (M595 Roll 645) FHL:573104  
*1934-35 (M595 Roll 645) FHL:573104  
*1937 (M595 Roll 281) FHL:579691<br>
*1937 (M595 Roll 281) FHL:579691


1932 Hopi and Navajo Native American Census. By Jeff Bowen. FHL book 970.1 B675h vol. 1 and 2 (# 825913)<br>
1932 Hopi and Navajo Native American Census. By Jeff Bowen. FHL book 970.1 B675h vol. 1 and 2 (# 825913)


***When searching for individuals, your search should also include surrounding tribal records of the [[Apache Indians|Apaches]], [[Hopi Indians|Hopis]] (or Moqui), [[Paiute Indians|Paiutes]], [[Pueblo Indians|Pueblos]], and [[Ute Indians|Utes]]. <br>
***When searching for individuals, your search should also include surrounding tribal records of the [[Apache Indians|Apaches]], [[Hopi Indians|Hopis]] (or Moqui), [[Paiute Indians|Paiutes]], [[Pueblo Indians|Pueblos]], and [[Ute Indians|Utes]].


==== U.S. Population Census  ====
==== U.S. Population Census  ====


The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around border towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. <br>
The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around border towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors.


One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Census takers often wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man).  
One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Census takers often wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man).


<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />  
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" />


<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">When searching U.S. Federal Indian Census records their records are divided into reservation boundaries which include:</span>  
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">When searching U.S. Federal Indian Census records their records are divided into reservation boundaries which include:</span>


*Eastern Navajo Reservation<br>  
*Eastern Navajo Reservation<br>  
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==== Education  ====
==== Education  ====


Historically, Navajo children have attended [http://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/ServiceOverview/IndianEducation/ Bureau of Indian Affair schools] (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include, but are not limited to: <br>
Historically, Navajo children have attended [http://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/ServiceOverview/IndianEducation/ Bureau of Indian Affair schools] (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include, but are not limited to:


*[[Albuquerque Indian School|Albuquerque Indian School ]](Albuquerque, NM)  
*[[Albuquerque Indian School|Albuquerque Indian School ]](Albuquerque, NM)
*[[Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] (Carlisle, PA)  
*[[Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] (Carlisle, PA)  
*[[Charles H. Burke Indian School (New Mexico)|Charles H. Burke School ]](Fort Wingate, NM) *forerunner of Fort Wingate Vocational High School  
*[[Charles H. Burke Indian School (New Mexico)|Charles H. Burke School ]](Fort Wingate, NM) *forerunner of Fort Wingate Vocational High School  
*[[Chilocco Indian School|Chilocco Indian Agricultural School]] (Cilocco, OK)  
*[[Chilocco Indian School|Chilocco Indian Agricultural School]] (Cilocco, OK)
*[[Chinle Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Chinle Boarding School]] (Many Farms, AZ)  
*[[Chinle Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Chinle Boarding School]] (Many Farms, AZ)  
*[[Fort Lewis Indian School (Colorado)|Fort Lewis Indian Boarding School]] (Fort Lewis, CO)  
*[[Fort Lewis Indian School (Colorado)|Fort Lewis Indian Boarding School]] (Fort Lewis, CO)  
*[[Fort Wingate Vocational High School (New Mexico)|Fort Wingate Vocational High School]] (Fort Wingate, NM)  
*[[Fort Wingate Vocational High School (New Mexico)|Fort Wingate Vocational High School]] (Fort Wingate, NM)  
*[[Haskell Institute|Haskell Indian Industrial Training School]] (Lawrence, KS)  
*[[Haskell Institute|Haskell Indian Industrial Training School]] (Lawrence, KS)
*[[Holbrook Indian School (Arizona)|Holbrook Indian School]] (Holbrook, AZ)  
*[[Holbrook Indian School (Arizona)|Holbrook Indian School]] (Holbrook, AZ)
*[[Intermountain Indian School (Utah)|Intermountain Indian School]] (Brigham City, UT)  
*[[Intermountain Indian School (Utah)|Intermountain Indian School]] (Brigham City, UT)  
*Leupp School (Leupp, AZ)  
*Leupp School (Leupp, AZ)  
*[[Nenannezed Indian Boarding School (New Mexico)|Nenannezed Boarding School ]](Fruitland, NM)  
*[[Nenannezed Indian Boarding School (New Mexico)|Nenannezed Boarding School ]](Fruitland, NM)  
*[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ)  
*[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ)
*[[Pinon Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Pinon Boarding School]] (Pinon, AZ)  
*[[Pinon Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Pinon Boarding School]] (Pinon, AZ)
*Pueblo Day School (NM)  
*Pueblo Day School (NM)
*[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM)  
*[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM)
*[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM)  
*[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM)  
*[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Sherman_Institute Sherman Institute] (Riverside, CA)  
*[https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Sherman_Institute Sherman Institute] (Riverside, CA)  
*Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM)  
*Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM)
*[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM)  
*[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM)  
*Western Navajo Boarding School (Tuba City, AZ)<br>
*Western Navajo Boarding School (Tuba City, AZ)


'''See:'''  
'''See:'''


*Martin M. Martinez, comp.''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. This is arranged alphabetically by surname. {{FHL|item|1036099|desp=FHL film 1,036,099 item 2}}.<br>
*Martin M. Martinez, comp.''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. This is arranged alphabetically by surname. {{FHL|item|1036099|desp=FHL film 1,036,099 item 2}}.


==== Military Records  ====
==== Military Records  ====


Indian Scouts  
Indian Scouts


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Scouts Navajo Indian Scouts ]of the Geronimo Expedition 1886 records indicates there were about 150 Navajo scouts, who were a part of the 5,000 man force under General Nelson A. Miles.<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_Scouts Navajo Indian Scouts ]of the Geronimo Expedition 1886 records indicates there were about 150 Navajo scouts, who were a part of the 5,000 man force under General Nelson A. Miles.


==== Newspapers  ====
==== Newspapers  ====
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*(1946) ''Arizona Daily Sun'' (Flagstaff), previously known as (1883) the ''Coconino Sun''  
*(1946) ''Arizona Daily Sun'' (Flagstaff), previously known as (1883) the ''Coconino Sun''  
*(1890) ''Arizona Republic'' (Phoenix)  
*(1890) ''Arizona Republic'' (Phoenix)
*(2004) ''Lake Powell Chronicle'' (Page)  
*(2004) ''Lake Powell Chronicle'' (Page)
*(1981) ''Navajo-Hopi Observer ''(Flagstaff)  
*(1981) ''Navajo-Hopi Observer ''(Flagstaff)  
*(1959) ''Navajo Times, The'' (Window Rock)  
*(1959) ''Navajo Times, The'' (Window Rock)
*(1970) ''Phoenix New Times'' (Phoenix)  
*(1970) ''Phoenix New Times'' (Phoenix)
*(1890) ''Winslow Mail, The ''(Winslow)
*(1890) ''Winslow Mail, The ''(Winslow)


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*Bi’ee’dahninnezi (Catholic: the one with long clothes)  
*Bi’ee’dahninnezi (Catholic: the one with long clothes)  
*Daachaaigii (Pentecostal or Baptist)  
*Daachaaigii (Pentecostal or Baptist)  
*Gaamalii (Mormons)<br><br>
*Gaamalii (Mormons)


==== '''State Resources'''  ====
==== '''State Resources'''  ====


As stated before, the Navajo Reservation is located in three different states, covering a number of counties. Each of these areas have resources available to the public to search for ancestors.<br>
As stated before, the Navajo Reservation is located in three different states, covering a number of counties. Each of these areas have resources available to the public to search for ancestors.


===== Arizona  =====
===== Arizona  =====
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*[http://www.hsnm.org/ Historical Society of New Mexico]  
*[http://www.hsnm.org/ Historical Society of New Mexico]  
*[http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nmnews New Mexico Newspaper Database]  
*[http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nmnews New Mexico Newspaper Database]  
*[http://elibrary.unm.edu/ University of New Mexico: Zimmerman Library]<br>
*[http://elibrary.unm.edu/ University of New Mexico: Zimmerman Library]


===== Utah  =====
===== Utah  =====
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*[http://lib.byu.edu/ Brigham Young University: Harold B. Lee Library]  
*[http://lib.byu.edu/ Brigham Young University: Harold B. Lee Library]  
*[https://familysearch.org/locations/saltlakecity-library Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Family History Library]  
*[https://familysearch.org/locations/saltlakecity-library Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Family History Library]  
*[http://www.lib.utah.edu/ University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Library]  
*[http://www.lib.utah.edu/ University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Library]
*[http://www.archives.utah.gov/research/indexes/20842.htm Utah Department of Administrative Services: Division of Archives Records Services Utah Death Certificate Index, 1904-1961]  
*[http://www.archives.utah.gov/research/indexes/20842.htm Utah Department of Administrative Services: Division of Archives Records Services Utah Death Certificate Index, 1904-1961]
*[http://heritage.utah.gov/history Utah Department of Heritage and Arts: Utah State Historical Society]  
*[http://heritage.utah.gov/history Utah Department of Heritage and Arts: Utah State Historical Society]
*[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library]<br>
*[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library]


=== '''References'''  ===
=== '''References'''  ===


Some of these references will include LDS Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL.{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}}  
Some of these references will include LDS Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL.{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}}


== Published  ==
== Published  ==
Line 383: Line 390:
*McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''.  
*McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''.  
*Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education, 1948-1978:Its Progress and Its Problems''.  
*Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education, 1948-1978:Its Progress and Its Problems''.  
*Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education in Action:The Rough Rock Demonstration School''.  
*Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education in Action:The Rough Rock Demonstration School''.
*Thompson, Hildegard. ''The Navajos Long Walk for Education a History of Navajo Education''.
*Thompson, Hildegard. ''The Navajos Long Walk for Education a History of Navajo Education''.


Line 390: Line 397:
*Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''.  
*Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''.  
*Bailey, Garrick and Roberta G. Bailey. ''A History of the Navajos: The Reservation Years''.  
*Bailey, Garrick and Roberta G. Bailey. ''A History of the Navajos: The Reservation Years''.  
*Collier, John. ''On the Gleaming Way: Navajos, Eastern Pueblos, Zunis, Hopis, Apaches, and their land, and their meaning to the world. '''''FHL 970.1 C69o'''<br>
*Collier, John. ''On the Gleaming Way: Navajos, Eastern Pueblos, Zunis, Hopis, Apaches, and their land, and their meaning to the world. '''''FHL 970.1 C69o'''
*Forbes, Jack D. ''Apache, Navaho (sic) and Spaniard''. '''FHL 970.1 F744a'''<br>
*Forbes, Jack D. ''Apache, Navaho (sic) and Spaniard''. '''FHL 970.1 F744a'''
*&nbsp;Goodman, James M. ''The Navajo Atlas': environments, resources, people, and history of the Diné Bikeyah'''''. '''FHL 970.3 N227g'''<br> '''  
*&nbsp;Goodman, James M. ''The Navajo Atlas': environments, resources, people, and history of the Diné Bikeyah'''''. '''FHL 970.3 N227g'''
*Iverson, Peter and Monty Roessel. ''Dine': A History of the Navajos''.  
*Iverson, Peter and Monty Roessel. ''Dine': A History of the Navajos''.  
*James, George Wharton. ''The Indians of the Painted Desert Region: Hopis, Navahoes (sic) Wallapais, Havasupais.'' '''FHL 970.1 J233i'''<br>
*James, George Wharton. ''The Indians of the Painted Desert Region: Hopis, Navahoes (sic) Wallapais, Havasupais.'' '''FHL 970.1 J233i'''
*Kelly, Lawrence C. ''The Navajo Indians and Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1935''. '''FHL 970.3 N227k'''<br>
*Kelly, Lawrence C. ''The Navajo Indians and Federal Indian Policy, 1900-1935''. '''FHL 970.3 N227k'''
*Kluckhohn, Clyde. And Dorothea Leighton. ''The Navaho''. '''FHL 970.3 N227n'''<br>
*Kluckhohn, Clyde. And Dorothea Leighton. ''The Navaho''. '''FHL 970.3 N227n'''
*Locke, Raymond Friday. ''The Book of the Navajos''.  
*Locke, Raymond Friday. ''The Book of the Navajos''.
*&nbsp;Parman, Donald L. ''The Navajos and the New Deal''. '''FHL 970.3 N227pa'''<br>
*&nbsp;Parman, Donald L. ''The Navajos and the New Deal''. '''FHL 970.3 N227pa'''<
*Sundberg, Lawrence. ''Dinetah: An Early History of the Navajo People''.  
*Sundberg, Lawrence. ''Dinetah: An Early History of the Navajo People''.
*Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''.<br>
*Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''.
*Thomas, Alfred Barnaby and Juan Bautista de Arza. ''Forgotten Frontiers: a study of the Spanish Indian policy of Con Juan Bautista de Arza, governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787''. '''FHL 970.1 T361f '''  
*Thomas, Alfred Barnaby and Juan Bautista de Arza. ''Forgotten Frontiers: a study of the Spanish Indian policy of Con Juan Bautista de Arza, governor of New Mexico, 1777-1787''. '''FHL 970.1 T361f '''
*Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''. '''FHL 970.3 N227'''<br>
*Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''. '''FHL 970.3 N227'''
*Wilkins, David E. ''The Navajo Political Experience''
*Wilkins, David E. ''The Navajo Political Experience''


Line 423: Line 430:


*Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 {{FHL| 447022|item|desp=|FHLfilms 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22}}  
*Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 {{FHL| 447022|item|desp=|FHLfilms 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22}}  
*Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. {{FHL|177265|item|desp=FHL film 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27}}<br>
*Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. {{FHL|177265|item|desp=FHL film 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27}}


==== Newspapers  ====
==== Newspapers  ====


'''Tribal Newspaper''': [http://navajotimes.com/ ''Navajo Times'']  
'''Tribal Newspaper''': [http://navajotimes.com/ ''Navajo Times'']


[http://navajotimes.com/rezobits/#.VJBox8mVcfw Obituary Archives] (2014)<br>  
[http://navajotimes.com/rezobits/#.VJBox8mVcfw Obituary Archives] (2014)<br>  
Line 481: Line 488:
*Bowen, Jeff. ''Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933'' {{FHL| 660327|item|desp=FHL book 970.3 N227bj}}
*Bowen, Jeff. ''Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933'' {{FHL| 660327|item|desp=FHL book 970.3 N227bj}}


== Unpublished ==
== Unpublished ==


*Bushman, Virgil and Nellie Bushman. Navajo Indian Cemetery Records and Some New Mexico Cemetery Records Online: and <br>  
*Bushman, Virgil and Nellie Bushman. Navajo Indian Cemetery Records and Some New Mexico Cemetery Records Online: and <br>  
Line 492: Line 499:
*Tietjen, Gary (Elder and Sister). Vital records of the Eastern Navajos. Contents: Crownpoint Cemetery -- The Grants Cemetery -- The Rehoboth Cemetery -- The Smith Lake Cemetery -- The Thoreau Cemetery -- Obituaries of Eastern Navajos -- McKinley County death register, 1941-1961 -- Social security death records. {{FHL|831289|item|desp=FHL book&nbsp; 970.3 N227tg}}<br>  
*Tietjen, Gary (Elder and Sister). Vital records of the Eastern Navajos. Contents: Crownpoint Cemetery -- The Grants Cemetery -- The Rehoboth Cemetery -- The Smith Lake Cemetery -- The Thoreau Cemetery -- Obituaries of Eastern Navajos -- McKinley County death register, 1941-1961 -- Social security death records. {{FHL|831289|item|desp=FHL book&nbsp; 970.3 N227tg}}<br>  
*United States Selective Service System. Arizona, World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. {{FHL|746966|item|desp= FHL film (20) first film 1473300}}<br>  
*United States Selective Service System. Arizona, World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. {{FHL|746966|item|desp= FHL film (20) first film 1473300}}<br>  
*<br>
*


== Websites ==
== Websites ==


*[http://www.nnlib.org/ Office of the Navajo Nation Library]  
*[http://www.nnlib.org/ Office of the Navajo Nation Library]  
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*[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site<br>
*[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site<br>


==== Bibliography ====
==== Bibliography ====


1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."]  
1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."]  


=== References ===
=== References ===
 
{{reflist}}{{American Indian}}


{{reflist}} {{American Indian}}


[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]]
[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]]
OGollaher
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