Ireland Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions

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 Falley, Margaret Dickson. ''Irish and Scotch-Irish Ancestral Research.'' 2 vols. Evanston, Illinois: Margaret Dickson Falley, 1961-62. (Family History Library [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titlehitlist&columns=*%2C0%2C0&callno=941.5+D27f+ book Ref 941.5 D27f 2 vols].)
+== Reasons Irish Emigrated ==
+Our Irish ancestors had many reasons for leaving Ireland. As well many among those remaining in Ireland would have emigrated but were unable to, due to the severe circumstances in which they were placed.  Unbearable conditions in Ireland forced Irish emigrants to leave Ireland were mostly created by the following four reasons:
+Political Culture of Persecution
+•	Austere taxation and tithes policies
+•	Land seizures which evicted many native Irish Catholics from their own lands
+•	Cruel landlords (not all)
+•	Sponsorship of land price increases, allowed to unbearable levels; tossed hoards of already poor
+   families, ‘out onto the  street’
+•	Disallowance of land ownership for all Catholics
+•	 ‘Rent-racking’ on land rentals on Catholic farmers forced many to leave, or out onto the streets
+•	‘Conquer and divide’ policies from medieval times throughout the centuries  (was land
+   confiscation against Catholics
+Economic
+British government backed England’s grain exportations—but not Ireland’s; farmers left
+Grains out of Ireland, were exported to England, while Irish were dying from the famine
+New farming techniques increased output, decreasing the need for agricultural laborers
+Manufacturing industries sprang up, causing less emphasis in farming
+Social
+A culture of religious persecution by the local Protestant-led and British Crown was manifest in—
+•	distrust of Catholics’ loyalty to the Crown
+Harsh Penal laws from 1695, stripped all Catholics of their rights to—
+•	practice their own religion outside of the Protestant faith
+•	vote
+•	serve as officers in British armed forces
+•	teach in, or enroll in colleges
+•	defend themselves with weapons
+•	practice law
+•	receive an education
+•	enter a profession
+•	hold public office
+•	be employed or an employer in a trade or in commerce
+•	live within 5 miles of the civil parish
+•	own a horse of greater value than five pounds
+•	purchase land
+•	lease land
+•	accept a mortgage on land in security for a loan
+•	hold a life annuity
+•	buy land from a Protestant
+•	receive a gift of land from a Protestant
+•	inherit land from a Protestant
+•	inherit anything from a Protestant
+•	rent any land that was worth more than thirty shillings a year
+•	reap from his land any profit exceeding a third of the rent
+•	be a guardian to a child
+•	leave infant children under Catholic guardianship
+•	attend Catholic worship
+•	choose between attendance in a Catholic, or a Protestant place of worship
+•	educate his child
+•	be instructed by a Catholic teacher
+•	send their children abroad to receive education
+Crop Failures
+Devastating crop failures—especially from 1846 to 1851 killed nearly a million people
+British government’s lack of food aid to Ireland during The Great Famine forced nearly half the surviving population to leave Ireland
+Famine brought abject poverty, severe malnutrition inducing poor health, (and to some--even death) to 3 million Irish
+Further Reading
+O hEithir, Breandan, A Pocket History of Ireland, The O'Brien Press, Dublin, Ireland, 1989
+MacManus, Seamus, The Story of the Irish Race, The New York Irish Publishing Co., 1921
 == Emigration from Ireland  ==
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 === Records of Irish Emigrants in Their Destination Countries  ===
 Immigration records of the country to which your ancestor immigrated may help you determine your ancestor's place of origin, occupation, and age. Knowing an approximate date and port of arrival or the name of the ship on which your ancestor sailed will help you search immigration records. Many immigration records are held in repositories, usually in the destination country. The immigration records that are available at the Family History Library are generally listed in the&nbsp;Place Search of the catalog under: [DESTINATION COUNTRY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION <br>
 '''United States'''. <br>
 Immigrant lists from the various ports of entry provide the most information on Irish immigrants to the United States. While several ports of entry existed, the majority of Irish immigrants came through New York. The following published lists and indexes of information on Irish immigrants to America are found in the Family History Library's US/Canada collection:
@@ Line 53: / Line 116: @@
 To find United States immigration records at the Family History Library, look in the&nbsp;Place Search of the catalog under:
 UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION <br>
 '''Canada'''.<br>
 From 1815 to 1850, Canada was the primary destination of Irish emigrants. Until 1900, the major ports of immigrant arrivals were Quebec City and Halifax. After 1900, arrivals were more widespread. Canadian passenger lists are rare before 1865. Those from 1865 to 1900 are available at the Family History Library.<br>
 '''Australia'''. <br>
 In 1788, Australia was founded as a British penal colony. Australian immigration records vary in content and coverage by state. Some contain such details as the immigrant's birthplace; residence in Britain; education; mother's maiden name; and father's name, occupation, and residence. Some are indexed. In Australia, immigration records are kept at state archives. Most pre-1900 Australian immigration records are available at the Family History Library and are listed in the&nbsp;Place Search of the catalog under: AUSTRALIA, [STATE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION RECORDS <br>
 '''New Zealand'''. <br>
 In 1840 the British began colonizing New Zealand. Most immigrants to New Zealand received some form of assistance either from the New Zealand Company or from a government or church association set up to encourage immigration. Besides the age, origin, and occupation, New Zealand immigration records usually include additional details such as the wife's and children's names and ages and details of settlement. Many New Zealand immigration records are available at the Family History Library and are listed in the Locality Search of the catalog under:&nbsp;
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 NEW ZEALAND, [PROVINCE] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION RECORDS
 <br>
 '''Argentina.'''
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 A number Irish emigrants were enticed to settle in Argentina. Various books and articles provide information about Irish migration to Argentina. Most are in English but a few were published in Spanish.
-*Mulvany, Peter. "The Argentine Republic Emigration Scheme." ''Journal of the Genealogical Society of Ireland.'' 10 (2009): 46-9. Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin : Genealogical Society of Ireland, 2000
+*Mulvany, Peter. "The Argentine Republic Emigration Scheme." ''Journal of the Genealogical Society of Ireland.'' 10 (2009): 46-9. Dún Laoghaire, Co. Dublin&nbsp;: Genealogical Society of Ireland, 2000
 <br>
 Naturalization records in the destination country can be more helpful than immigration records in determining your ancestor's place of origin. To learn more about naturalization records, consult the "Naturalization and Citizenship" section of the destination country's research outline, if available, or see [[Tracing Immigrant Origins|Tracing Immigrant Origins]].