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Census

Canadian Horseshoe Falls with Buffalo in background

Canada Population Census Schedules - Online Records

Master Index to Canadian Censuses

• Canada Census Search at Library and Archives of Canada - index & images

National Censuses

• Abbreviations and Acronyms in Canadian censuses at Statistics Canada

1851	1861	1871
FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch; Quebec|Prince Edward Island|Ontario|Nova Scotia|New Brunswick Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada

1881	1891	1901
FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch; index and images Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada

1911	1921	1931
FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	Ancestry.com ($) MyHeritage.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada; images

Partial and Territory Censuses

• Lower Canada = Quebec
• Upper Canada = Ontario
• Canada East = Quebec
• Canada West = Ontario

1825 Lower Canada Census	1831 Lower Canada Census	1842 Canada East Census	1842 Canada West Census
FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) MyHeritage ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry.com ($) Findmypast.com ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch MyHeritage ($) Findmypast ($) Library and Archives of Canada

Northwest and Prairie Province Censuses

The Northwest and Prairie Province Censuses include: Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan

1906 Northwest Provinces Census	1916 Prairie Provinces Census	1926 Prairie Provinces Census
FamilySearch; index only Ancestry ($) MyHeritage ($) Library and Archives of Canada	FamilySearch Ancestry ($) MyHeritage ($)	FamilySearch Library and Archives of Canada

Canada Nonpopulation Census Schedules - Online Records

Mortality Census Schedules

Mortality schedules are death registers recorded at the national level, usually as part of a census. An 1871 census mortality schedules for the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec was taken on April 2, 1871, and these records cover deaths which occurred during the 12 months immediately prior to the census enumeration. The age given in the census was rounded up to what would have been the deceased’s age at his or her next birthday.

New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec Provinces

• 1871 Canada Census Mortality Schedules, 1871 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection; index & images,
• 1871 Canada, Census Mortality Schedule, 1871 at Ancestry - index & images ($)

Background of Canada Censuses

A census is a count and description of the population. Censuses have been taken by the colonial, provincial, and national governments of Canada for a variety of reasons, including taxation and levying for militia service.

Census records can provide family relationships, age, year of birth, description of property, religion, and place of birth. Microfilm copies are available at many repositories and through interlibrary loan. Generally, more recent censuses are more complete. They can provide information missing in other records. Use census information with caution because information (which may have been given by any family member) may be incorrect or deliberately falsified.

See also:

• Library and Archives Canada
• How Canadian National Censuses Are Organized
• Find Ancestors in Canadian Census Records All Years
• Canadian Censuses Online
  

Canada Census Worksheets and Forms

• Canada 1851 Census Worksheet
  
• Canada 1861 Census Worksheet - Canada East (Quebec) and Canada West (Ontario)
• Canada 1871/1881 Census Worksheet
• Canada 1891 Census Worksheet
• Canada 1901 Census Worksheet

National Censuses

The national government of Canada has taken censuses every ten years since 1871 and every five years since 1971. The 1871 census covers the four original provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. The first coast-to-coast census was taken in 1881. Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949. For Newfoundland few 19th-century censuses that list names have been found. They mostly contain statistical summaries.

According to the legislation, 92 calendar years must have elapsed before the census is released to the LAC.

Census Year	Date Census Was Taken	Provinces/Territories Included
1871	April 2	New Brunswick, Ontario (Canada West), Quebec (Canada East), Nova Scotia (Nominal)
1881	April 4	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan
1891	April 6	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory
1901	March 31	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory
1911	June 1	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory
1921	June 1	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory
1931	June 1	Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory

Personal information from later censuses is not available, but some information on deceased persons is available from the National Registration of 1940. Write for application form to:

Census Operations Division

• Statistics Canada
• Ottawa, ON K1A 0T6
• Canada

1871. The FamilySearch Library and Library and Archives Canada have the entire census, including death (mortality) schedules and agricultural schedules. FS Library beginning with film number 2230850 See Canada Archives and Libraries.

1881 and 1891. The FamilySearch Library and Library and Archives Canada have the personal schedules of both censuses.

1901. The FamilySearch Library and Library and Archives Canada have the personal and the buildings and lands schedules.

1911. The FamilySearch Library and Library and Archives Canada have the personal schedules.

To find microfilm numbers of the national censuses in the FamilySearch Catalog, check the Locality Search under:

CANADA - CENSUS - [YEAR]

Information in the National Population Censuses

These censuses list a large proportion of the population. Unfortunately, portions of some have been lost, and some geographical areas within the provinces were missed by the census takers.

The 1871 and later censuses list for each member of the household:

• Name.
• Age.
• Occupation.
• Religious affiliation.
• Birthplace (country or province).

The 1871 and 1881 censuses list for each person:

• Father’s origin or ethnic background.
• The 1891 census, in addition, asks:
• If persons are French Canadian.
• For parents’ birthplaces.

The 1891 and later censuses ask for a person’s:

• Relationship to head of household.

The 1901 census asks for:

• A complete birth date, not just the year.
• The year the person immigrated to Canada.
• The year of naturalization.

The father’s racial or tribal origin, not whether the person was of French Canadian descent.

The 1901 census also contains a buildings and lands schedule for each locality. This schedule gives a city street address or a farm land description—such as township and range, or township, concession, and lot number—for most families.

Indexes to the National Censuses

Search available indexes before using the census records. As indexes may be incomplete or incorrect, if you have reason to believe your ancestor should have been in the census, search the census even if your ancestor is not in the index.

Most available national censuses have been indexed. Indexes and links to them are listed at the Library and Archives Canada web site.

Most national censuses are not indexed by province. The following index has been prepared for the 1871 census of Ontario:

• Elliott, Bruce S., ed. Index to the 1871 Census of Ontario.30 vols. Toronto: Ontario Genealogical Society, 1986–92. (FamilySearchLibrary book 971.3 X22i.) This is an index to heads-of-household and "strays" (persons in a household who had a different family name). It shows the person’s name, age, religion, occupation, and census district; it also shows the page number where you can find the person in the census. To see what area each volume covers, check the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:

ONTARIO - CENSUS - 1871 - INDEXES

The FamilySearch Library has a slightly different version of the same index on compact disc:

Census Index: Ontario, Canada, 1871. Novato, California: Brøderbund, 1996. (FamilySearch Library compact disc Series No. 9 pt. 116.) This is an alphabetical index to heads-of-household in the 1871 Ontario census.

The Library and Archives of Canada website has an index to the Ontario portion of the 1871 census index. See Canada Archives and Libraries.

All versions of the Ontario 1871 census index include only Library and Archives Canada microfilm numbers.

Indexes to Other Censuses. For other indexes, see the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:

[PROVINCE] - CENSUS - [YEAR] - INDEXES

[PROVINCE], [COUNTY] - CENSUS - [YEAR] - INDEXES

[PROVINCE], [COUNTY], [TOWNSHIP] - CENSUS - [YEAR] - INDEXES

[PROVINCE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - CENSUS - [YEAR] - INDEXES

When there are no census indexes, look for your ancestor’s location in other kinds of indexes. See Canada Church Records, Canada Directories, Canada Emigration and Immigration, Canada Genealogy, and Canada Land and Property Records and in Wiki articles of the provinces.

A search of the inGeneas database may contain census records for various years for an individual.

Boundaries of National Census Districts

National census records are arranged by province and within provinces by census districts and subdistricts. Census districts are voting districts, not counties. Although a voting district may have the same name as a county, it may not include the same townships. In some provinces, townships are equivalent to census subdistricts. To determine which townships and counties eastern Canadian cities and villages were located in, look in:

Lovell, John, ed. Canadian Dominion Directory for 1871. 8 vols. Montreal: John Lovell, 1871. (FamilySearch Library book 971.3 E4L; films 856124 and 856125; fiche 6046766.) This gives the township and county of each community, which is important when searching census, land and property, local histories, and other records.

Since the boundaries varied from census to census, it is not easy to tell which census district an eastern Canadian township or western Canadian village was in. Contemporary maps of the census districts have been lost or destroyed. Provincial maps showing county, township, and election/census precinct boundaries as of about 1880 for the Maritimes, Quebec, and Ontario are in:

Illustrated Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. Toronto: H. Belden, 1880. (FamilySearch Library film 982194 item 5.)

For 1871 only, useful district descriptions are in:

Censuses of Canada, 1608–1876. Statistics of Canada. Ottawa: Maclean and Roger, 1878, 5: 388–435. (FamilySearch Library book 971 X2pc, v. 5; film 844891.)

Gazetteers published in the 1880s sometimes list the "electoral county" or census/voting district rather than the county where a city or village was located. If you still cannot determine the census district, you may need to search several neighboring census districts to find your ancestor.

Canada Census Interative Map. Click on Census Questions for a list of questions that were asked on each census.

Colonial, Provincial, and Local Censuses

Colonial, provincial, and local governments also took censuses. Content varied by time period and by locality. Censuses taken in the 1600s under the French regime sometimes included much more family information than those taken in British North America in the early 1800s. (See Wiki articles of the provinces.)

Fifteen partial censuses of New France and nine of Acadia were taken between 1666 and 1754. Find microfilm numbers of Acadian censuses and book call numbers of published transcriptions in the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
NOVA SCOTIA - CENSUS

Censuses of New France are in the FamilySearch Catalog under:

QUEBEC - CENSUS QUEBEC - CENSUS - [YEAR]

Detailed family information is in the surviving personal schedules of the censuses of Canada East (Quebec) and Canada West (Ontario) taken for 1851 (census day was actually in January 1852) and 1861. Less detailed censuses were taken of the Maritime Provinces in the same years, 1851 and 1861. For film numbers of 1851 and later censuses, see the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:

CANADA - CENSUS - [YEAR]

Find censuses before 1851 under headings such as:

[PROVINCE] - CENSUS

[PROVINCE], [COUNTY] - CENSUS

[PROVINCE], [COUNTY], [TOWNSHIP] - CENSUS

Inventories of Censuses

Most available Canadian censuses are listed province by province, subdistrict by subdistrict, and year by year in:

Hillman, Thomas A. Canadian Census Returns 1666–1891. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1987. (FamilySearch Library book 971 X23ht.) As noted above, many towns and villages were part of larger subdistricts, so they are not listed separately in this book.

Hillman, Thomas A. Catalogue of Census Returns on Microfilm, 1901. Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1993. (FamilySearch Library book 971 X23n plus 10 microfiche 6334555. Not available at FamilySearch Centers.) The book gives an overview of the personal schedules and the buildings and lands censuses available for certain localities and the districts and subdistricts in the 1901 census. The microfiche, which were originally included as an appendix, give details on district, subdistrict, and division names and numbers.

The microfilm numbers in the above books are for the National Archives of Canada. Public libraries can use these numbers to order microfilms through the interlibrary loan system.