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==History==
==Resources==
===Online Resources===
*''al- Miṣrīyūn fī Lubnān wa-Sūriyah qabla miʼat sanah'' by Ghānim, Ibrāhīm Abū Samrā. Bayrūt:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Kāthūlīkīyah, 1932. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/princeton_aco003708 New York University]; History of Muhammad Ali Pasha's conquest of the Levant.
**.المصريون في لبنان وسورية قبل مئة سنة .ابراهيم أبو سمرا غانم بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية،1932
*''Sūrīyah wa Lubnān ḥattá awwal al-qarn al-tāsiʻ ʻashar'' by Abū al-Naṣr, ʻUmar. Bayrūt:Maṭbaʻat wa-Zinkūghrāf Ṭabbārah, 1927. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001686 New York University]; The agricultural, social, and political development of Syria and Lebanon.
**.سوريا ولبنان حتى أول القرن التاسع عشر .عمر أبو النصر بيروت:مطبعة وزنكوغراف طبارة،1927
*''Tārīkh al-Shām (1720-1782)'' by Burayk, Mīkhāʼīl. Ḥarīṣā, Lubnā:Maṭbaʻat al-Qiddīs Būlus, 1930. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001696 New York University]; Religious, political, and civil history of the Orthodox church in the Levant region.
**.تاريخ الشام (1720-1782)  مخائيل بريك .عمر أبو النصر حريصا، لبنان:مطبعة القديس بولس،1930
*''Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.1'' by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001919 New York University]; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
**.لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الأول .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة،1933
*''Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.2'' by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001920 New York University]; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
**.لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الثاني .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة، 1933
*''Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.3'' by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001921 New York University]; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
**.لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الثالث .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة، 1933
*''Lubnān wa-al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah fī ‘ahd Fakhr al-Dīn al-Maʻnī al-thānī, 1590-1935'' by Qarʼalī, Būlus. Miṣr al-Jadīdah:Maṭba‘at Miṣr al-Jadīdah, 1952. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001923 New York University]; History of Lebanon and the Ottoman Empire.
**.لبنان والدولة العثمانية في عهد فخر الدين المعني الثاني، 1590-1935 .بولس قرألي مصر الجديدة:مطبعة مصر الجديدة، 1952
*''Lubnān wa-Sūrīyā qabla al-Intidāb wa baʻdahu v.1'' by Masʻad, Būlus. Miṣr al-Jadīda:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Sūrīyah, 1929. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001924 New York University]; (1) Hauran and Jabal al-Druze; Its countries, geography, and modern history (2) The French mandate in Lebanon and Syria until the end of the era.
**.لبنان وسوريا قبل الانتداب وبعده الجزء الأول .بولس مسعد مصر الجديد:المطبعة السورية، 1929
*''Maṣādir tārīkhīyah li-ḥawādith Lubnān wa-Sūrīyā min sanat 1745 ilá sanat 1800'' by Karāmah, Rufāʼīl. Bayrūt:al-Maṭba‘ah al-Kāthūlīkīyah lil-Ābā’ al-Yasū‘īyīn, 1929. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001925 New York University]; Wars in Lebanon and Syria from 1745-1800.
**.مصادر تاريخية لحوادث لبنان وسوريا من سنة 1745 إلى سنة 1800 .رفائيل كرامة بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية للآباء اليسوعيين، 1929
*''Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Jabal Lubnān'' by ʻInṭūrīnī, Anṭūniyūs Abū Khaṭṭār. Bayrūt:al-Maṭba‘ah al-Kāthūlīkīyah, 1853. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001929 New York University]; A Brief History of Lebanon.
**.مختصر تاريخ جبل لبنان .أنطونيوس أبو خطار العينطوريني بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية، 1953
*''Qalāʼid al-marjān fī tārīkh shamālī Lubnān v.1'' by Karam, Buṭrus Bishārah. Bayrūt, Lubnān:Maṭbaʻat al-Hudá al-Lubnānīyah, 1929. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001931 New York University]; A history of Lebanon.
**.قلائد المرجان في تاريخ شمالي لبنان الجزء الأول .بطرس بشارة كرم بيروت، لبنان:مطبعة الهدى اللبنانية، 1929
*''Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.1'' by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001934 New York University]; A history of Lebanon.
**.تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الأول .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
*''Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.3'' by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001935 New York University]; A history of Lebanon.
**.تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الثالث .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
*''Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.4'' by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001936 New York University]; A history of Lebanon.
**.تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الرابع .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
*''al- Nakabāt'' by Rihani, Ameen Fares. Bayrūt:al-Maṭbaʻah al-ʻIlmīyah, 1928. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/columbia_aco001483 New York University]; History of Syria.
**.النكبات .أمين فارس الريحاني ‏بيروت:‏المطبعة العلمية،‏ 1928
 
===Print Publications===
 
==General History==
The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years. Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years. In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range the Maronite Church was established. Although the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity.
A new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon, causing a religious divide that has lasted for centuries.
 
The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique, Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946.
 
Despite its small size, the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world. Before the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 until 1990, the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity. At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.


==Timeline==
==Timeline==
1516 - Mount Lebanon Emirate was established and was an autonomous subdivision in the Ottoman Empire<br>
1861 - The Emirate is considered to be an historical precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate  which was, in turn, the precursor of the Lebanese Republic of today<br>
1860 - Approximately 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druzes during inter-communal violence<br>
1865 - Ottomans took direct ruling of the region<br>
1920 - Following WWI, the area of the Mutasarrifate, and some surrounding areas which were predominantly Shia and Sunni, became a part of the state of Greater Lebanon under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon. Around 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died of starvation during the War<br>
1926 - France formed the Lebanese Republic<br>
1941 - Lebanon became independent under the authority of the Free French government<br>
1943 - Elections were held it was then new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the French mandate<br>
1948 - Lebanon supported neighbouring Arab countries in a war against Israel and during this time 100,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon<br>
1975 -A full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon<br>
1960 -1982  Palestine Liberation Organization were based in Lebanon for a significant period of time  using their set-up in the country to gather support and maintaining their armed struggle with Israel<br>
1990 - The war ended after sixteen years but it had caused massive loss of human life and property it is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded<br>
2016 - The government estimates that the country hosts 1.5 million Syrians<br>
==Strategy==
Why use histories in your research?<br>
*Learn why on the [[History|History Wiki page]]


<br>
==References==
{{reflist}}


[[Category:Lebanon]] [[Category:History]]
[[Category:Lebanon]] [[Category:Histories]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 20 August 2025

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Resources

Online Resources

  • al- Miṣrīyūn fī Lubnān wa-Sūriyah qabla miʼat sanah by Ghānim, Ibrāhīm Abū Samrā. Bayrūt:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Kāthūlīkīyah, 1932. Online at: New York University; History of Muhammad Ali Pasha's conquest of the Levant.
    • .المصريون في لبنان وسورية قبل مئة سنة .ابراهيم أبو سمرا غانم بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية،1932
  • Sūrīyah wa Lubnān ḥattá awwal al-qarn al-tāsiʻ ʻashar by Abū al-Naṣr, ʻUmar. Bayrūt:Maṭbaʻat wa-Zinkūghrāf Ṭabbārah, 1927. Online at: New York University; The agricultural, social, and political development of Syria and Lebanon.
    • .سوريا ولبنان حتى أول القرن التاسع عشر .عمر أبو النصر بيروت:مطبعة وزنكوغراف طبارة،1927
  • Tārīkh al-Shām (1720-1782) by Burayk, Mīkhāʼīl. Ḥarīṣā, Lubnā:Maṭbaʻat al-Qiddīs Būlus, 1930. Online at: New York University; Religious, political, and civil history of the Orthodox church in the Levant region.
    • .تاريخ الشام (1720-1782) مخائيل بريك .عمر أبو النصر حريصا، لبنان:مطبعة القديس بولس،1930
  • Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.1 by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. Online at: New York University; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
    • .لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الأول .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة،1933
  • Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.2 by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. Online at: New York University; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
    • .لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الثاني .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة، 1933
  • Lubnān fī ʻahd al-umarāʼ al-Shihābīyīn v.3 by Ḥaydar Aḥmad al-Shihābī, Amīr. Bayrūt:al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah, Manshūrāt Mudīrīyat al-Ma‘ārif al-‘Āmmah wa-al-Funūn al-Jamīlah, 1933. Online at: New York University; History of Lebanon and neighboring countries in the 18th century.
    • .لبنان في عهد الأمراء الشهابيين الجزء الثالث .الأمير حيدر أحمد الشهابي بيروت:الجمهورية اللبنانية، منشورات مديرية المعارف العامة والفنون الجميلة، 1933
  • Lubnān wa-al-Dawlah al-ʻUthmānīyah fī ‘ahd Fakhr al-Dīn al-Maʻnī al-thānī, 1590-1935 by Qarʼalī, Būlus. Miṣr al-Jadīdah:Maṭba‘at Miṣr al-Jadīdah, 1952. Online at: New York University; History of Lebanon and the Ottoman Empire.
    • .لبنان والدولة العثمانية في عهد فخر الدين المعني الثاني، 1590-1935 .بولس قرألي مصر الجديدة:مطبعة مصر الجديدة، 1952
  • Lubnān wa-Sūrīyā qabla al-Intidāb wa baʻdahu v.1 by Masʻad, Būlus. Miṣr al-Jadīda:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Sūrīyah, 1929. Online at: New York University; (1) Hauran and Jabal al-Druze; Its countries, geography, and modern history (2) The French mandate in Lebanon and Syria until the end of the era.
    • .لبنان وسوريا قبل الانتداب وبعده الجزء الأول .بولس مسعد مصر الجديد:المطبعة السورية، 1929
  • Maṣādir tārīkhīyah li-ḥawādith Lubnān wa-Sūrīyā min sanat 1745 ilá sanat 1800 by Karāmah, Rufāʼīl. Bayrūt:al-Maṭba‘ah al-Kāthūlīkīyah lil-Ābā’ al-Yasū‘īyīn, 1929. Online at: New York University; Wars in Lebanon and Syria from 1745-1800.
    • .مصادر تاريخية لحوادث لبنان وسوريا من سنة 1745 إلى سنة 1800 .رفائيل كرامة بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية للآباء اليسوعيين، 1929
  • Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Jabal Lubnān by ʻInṭūrīnī, Anṭūniyūs Abū Khaṭṭār. Bayrūt:al-Maṭba‘ah al-Kāthūlīkīyah, 1853. Online at: New York University; A Brief History of Lebanon.
    • .مختصر تاريخ جبل لبنان .أنطونيوس أبو خطار العينطوريني بيروت:المطبعة الكاثوليكية، 1953
  • Qalāʼid al-marjān fī tārīkh shamālī Lubnān v.1 by Karam, Buṭrus Bishārah. Bayrūt, Lubnān:Maṭbaʻat al-Hudá al-Lubnānīyah, 1929. Online at: New York University; A history of Lebanon.
    • .قلائد المرجان في تاريخ شمالي لبنان الجزء الأول .بطرس بشارة كرم بيروت، لبنان:مطبعة الهدى اللبنانية، 1929
  • Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.1 by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. Online at: New York University; A history of Lebanon.
    • .تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الأول .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
  • Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.3 by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. Online at: New York University; A history of Lebanon.
    • .تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الثالث .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
  • Tanwīr al-adhhān fī tārīkh Lubnān v.4 by Aswad, Ibrāhīm. Bayrūt:Maṭba‘at al-Qiddīs Jāwurjiyūs, 1925-1935. Online at: New York University; A history of Lebanon.
    • .تنوير الأذهان في تاريخ لبنان الجزء الرابع .ابراهيم أسود بيروت:مطبعة القديس جاورجيوس، 1935-1925
  • al- Nakabāt by Rihani, Ameen Fares. Bayrūt:al-Maṭbaʻah al-ʻIlmīyah, 1928. Online at: New York University; History of Syria.
    • .النكبات .أمين فارس الريحاني ‏بيروت:‏المطبعة العلمية،‏ 1928

Print Publications

General History

The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years. Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years. In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range the Maronite Church was established. Although the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. A new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon, causing a religious divide that has lasted for centuries.

The region eventually was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon came under the French Mandate of Lebanon. The French expanded the borders of the Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing confessionalism, a unique, Consociationalism-type of political system with a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Foreign troops withdrew completely from Lebanon on 31 December 1946.

Despite its small size, the country has developed a well-known culture and has been highly influential in the Arab world. Before the Lebanese Civil War in 1975 until 1990, the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity. At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure.

Timeline

1516 - Mount Lebanon Emirate was established and was an autonomous subdivision in the Ottoman Empire
1861 - The Emirate is considered to be an historical precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate which was, in turn, the precursor of the Lebanese Republic of today
1860 - Approximately 10,000 Christians were killed by the Druzes during inter-communal violence
1865 - Ottomans took direct ruling of the region
1920 - Following WWI, the area of the Mutasarrifate, and some surrounding areas which were predominantly Shia and Sunni, became a part of the state of Greater Lebanon under the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon. Around 100,000 people in Beirut and Mount Lebanon died of starvation during the War
1926 - France formed the Lebanese Republic
1941 - Lebanon became independent under the authority of the Free French government
1943 - Elections were held it was then new Lebanese government unilaterally abolished the French mandate
1948 - Lebanon supported neighbouring Arab countries in a war against Israel and during this time 100,000 Palestinians fled to Lebanon
1975 -A full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon
1960 -1982 Palestine Liberation Organization were based in Lebanon for a significant period of time using their set-up in the country to gather support and maintaining their armed struggle with Israel
1990 - The war ended after sixteen years but it had caused massive loss of human life and property it is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded
2016 - The government estimates that the country hosts 1.5 million Syrians

Strategy

Why use histories in your research?

References

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