Spitalfields, Middlesex Genealogy: Difference between revisions

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[[England]]&nbsp; [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]]&nbsp; [[Middlesex]]  
{{breadcrumb
| link1=[[England Genealogy |England]]
| link2=[[Middlesex, England Genealogy|Middlesex]]
| link3=[[Middlesex Parishes]]
| link4=
| link5= Spitalfields
}}
 
Guide to '''Spitalfields, Middlesex ancestry, family history, and genealogy:''' Parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.  
 
{{Infobox England Jurisdictions
| image =
| caption =
| Type = [[Ecclesiastical Parish ]]
| County = Middlesex
| Hundred = Ossulstone (Tower Division)
| Poor Law Union = [http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Whitechapel/ Whitechapel]
| Registration District = Whitechapel
| PRbegin = 1729
| BTbegin = 1800
| Province = Canterbury
| Diocese = London
| Archdeaconry =
| Archdeaconries =
| Rural Deanery = Not created until 1858
| Parish =
| Peculiar =
| Chapelry =
| Probate Court = Court of the Commissary of the Bishop of London (London Division)
| Archdeaconry Court =
| Bishops Court =
| Prerogative Court =
| Archive = [[Middlesex Record Office]]
}}
 
== Parish History  ==
== Parish History  ==
Contributor: Add a general overview of the history of this parish. It can be a few sentences or a couple of paragraphs.<br>  
 
SPITALFIELDS Christchurch, a '''parish''', in the union of Whitechapel, Tower division of the hundred of Ossulstone, County of Middlesex. The parish was originally a hamlet in Stepney, from which it was separated by act of parliament in 1729. The church was built in 1729. Sir George Wheler's chapel, in Chapel Street, was built [in 1693] by that gentleman for the accommodation of his tenants, previously to the erection of the parochial church. It [was] a proprietary episcopal chapel [bought and paid for privately], now in the patronage of the Rev. Richard Tillard. In Spital Square is a church dedicated to St. Mary.
 
There are places of worship for '''Independents''', '''Wesleyans''', and '''Calvinistic Methodists'''.'<ref>Samuel Lewis, ed. ''[[A Topographical Dictionary of England]]'' 159-164. (London: S. Lewis and Co., 1848), Online [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51292| here], (accessed: 03 May 2010). Adapted.</ref> In addition, there were chapels for '''French Huguenots''' within the parish, although their respective worshipers had by the mid-19th Century mostly diminished having assimilated into the ranks of England's predominant religion. Due to their heavy weaving propensity and influence, however, in the local cloth and weaving industry was felt for centuries.
 
Christ Church Spitalfields, the church of, is situated on the south side of Church Street, Spitalfields, directly facing the eastern end of Union Street, Bishopsgate Without. The district called Spitalfields derives its name from having been built upon the fields and grounds belonging to St Mary's Spital, and was formerly a hamlet in the parish of Stepney; but from the great increase of inhabitants, arising from the settlement of the persecuted French Protestants, after the revocation of the edict of Nantz[ sic], by Louis XIV, within its precincts, it was made, in the year 1723, a distinct parish under its present name.
 
This church is one of the fifty new churches ordered to be built by act of parliament, in the reign of Queen Anne. It was began in 1723, by Nicholas Hawksmore, the favourite pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, and was finished in 1729. It is a substantial edifice, built of stone, with a lofty spire over a Doric portico... The interior is 111 feet in length, eighty-seven in breadth, and thirty-four in height.
 
The church is made a rectory, but is not to be held in commendam; it is in the dioceses of London, in the county of Middlesex, but exempt from the jurisdiction of the archdeacon...<ref name="elmes">James Elmes, ''A Topographical Dictionary of London and its Environs'' (London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, 1831). Adapted. Digitised by [http://books.google.com/books?id=tjEQAAAAYAAJ Google Books].</ref>
 
== Resources  ==
== Resources  ==
==== Civil Registration ====
 
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day. The [[England Civil Registration|civil registration]] article tells more about these records. There are several Internet sites with name lists or indexes. A popular site is [http://freebmd.org.uk/ FreeBMD].  
=== Find Neighboring Parishes ===
==== Church records ====
 
Contributor: Include here information for parish registers, Bishop’s Transcripts, non conformist and other types of church records, such as parish chest records. Add the contact information for the office holding the original records. Add links to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection
Use [https://www.familysearch.org/mapp/ England Jurisdictions 1851 Map]
==== Census records  ====
::*Type the name of the parish in the ''search bar''
Contributor: Include an overview if there is any unique information, such as the census for X year was destroyed. Add a link to online sites for indexes and/or images. Also add a link to the Family History Library Catalog showing the film numbers in their collection.  
::*Click on the location ''pin'' on the map
==== Probate records ====
::*Choose ''Options'' from the pop up box
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to [[Middlesex Probate Records| Middlesex Probate Records]] to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.  
::*Click "List Contiguous Parishes" to find the neighboring parishes<br>
 
=== Civil Registration ===
 
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day.<br>
*''See [[England Civil Registration]] for online resources and information''.<br><br>
 
=== Church Records ===
 
''The Church of England'' (Anglican) became the official state religion in 1534, with the reigning monarch as its Supreme Governor. <br>
''Non-Conformist'' refers to all other religious denominations that are not the official state religion.
 
==== Church of England ====
<font color=blue> Due to the increasing access of online records:</font><br>
*<font color=blue>Individual parish coverage for databases in this table are inconsistent and should be verified<br>
*Dates in the following table are approximate </font><br>
'''''Hover over the collection's title for more information'''''
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#b6cee2" align="center" scope="col" colspan="7" | '''Spitalfields Online Parish Records'''
|-
| bgcolor="#efdcc3" | <center>'''''Collections'''''</center>
| bgcolor="#d9bfbf" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Baptisms'''''</center>
| bgcolor="#bfd9bf" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Marriages'''''</center>
| bgcolor="#cac4d4" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Burials'''''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" |
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes only''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>''Indexes only''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>''Indexes only''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FamilySearch Collections-Middlesex
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=0&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CMiddlesex 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=1&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CMiddlesex 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=2&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CMiddlesex 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FamilySearch Parish Registers-Middlesex
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>{{RecordSearch|2072795|1500s-1900s}}</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>{{RecordSearch|2072795|1500s-1900s}}</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>{{RecordSearch|2072795|1500s-1900s}}</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Bishop's Transcripts - FamilySearch Catalog
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FreeREG
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center> [https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Findmypast-Middlesex ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|  <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/middlesex-baptisms 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/greater-london-marriage-index 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/greater-london-burial-index 1400s-1900s]</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Findmypast (Westminster)-Middlesex ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" |  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|  <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/westminster-baptisms 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/westminster-marriages 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/westminster-burials 1400s-1900s]</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"|Findmypast Banns-Middlesex ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|  <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/westminster-banns 1700s-1800s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry-London Church of England BMD (Early) ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1624/ 1500s-1800s]  </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1624/ 1500s-1800s] </center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1624/ 1500s-1800s] </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry-London Church of England BMD (Late) ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1558/ 1800s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1623/ 1700s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1559/ 1800s-2000s] </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry Marriage Bonds and Allegations-London and Surrey ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/2056/ 1600s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry-England & Wales, Birth, Christening, Marriage and Death Indexes ($)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9841/  1500s-1900s]<br>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1351/ 1500s-1900s]</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" |  <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9852/ 1500s-1900s]<br>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1352/ 1500s-1900s] </center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9840/ 1500s-1900s]<center>
|-
| bgcolor="#dbe7f0" align="center" scope="col" colspan="7" | ''Databases with Known Incomplete Parish Coverage''
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Boyd's Marriage Indexes-FMP (Free)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search-world-Records/england-boyds-marriage-indexes-1538-1850 1500s-1800s]</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| National Burial Index-FMP (Free)
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center>
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/national-burial-index-for-england-and-wales 1600s-1800s]</center>
|-
|}
'''''Other Websites'''''
These databases have incomplete parish coverage. <br>
*[http://joinermarriageindex.co.uk/marriage-records/Middlesex/ Joiner Marriage Index - Middlesex] ($)
*[https://parishregister.co.uk/online/middlesex-parish-records The Genealogist Parish Registers - Middlesex] ($)
*[http://www.dustydocs.com/ UK Websites for Parish Records] - Links to online genealogical records
*[https://ogindex.org/ Online Genealogical Index] -  Links to online genealogical records
 
====Nonconformist Records====
"Nonconformist" is a term referring to religious denominations other than an established or state church. In England, the state church is the Church of England.<br>
*'''1717''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/england-and-wales-roman-catholics-1717 England & Wales, Roman Catholics, 1717] at Findmypast ($), index and images (''coverage may vary'')
 
=== Census Records ===
 
===== 1640 Protestation Return =====
 
*Stepney (including Limehouse, Poplar, Blackwall, Old Ford, Stratford Bow, Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Mile-End, St. Leonard Bromley, and Ratcliffe)  (House of Lords), Copy: {{FSC|187050|item|disp=FS Library Film 1550096 item 25}}.
 
{{British Census|438820}}
 
=== Probate Records ===
 
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to [[Middlesex Probate Records|Middlesex Probate Records]] to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.  
 
== Maps and Gazetteers  ==
== Maps and Gazetteers  ==
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.<br>
 
*[http://maps.familysearch.org/ England Jurisdictions 1851]  
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.  
*[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/index.jsp Vision of Britain]
 
== Web sites ==
*[https://www.familysearch.org/mapp/ England Jurisdictions 1851]  
Contributor: Add any relevant sites that aren’t mentioned above.
*[https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/index.jsp Vision of Britain]
[[Category:England]] [[Category: Middlesex]]
 
== Websites ==
 
[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/MDX/Spitalfields Spitalfields on GENUKI]
 
== References  ==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Middlesex}}
 
[[Category:Middlesex Parishes]]

Latest revision as of 18:54, 29 November 2023

Guide to Spitalfields, Middlesex ancestry, family history, and genealogy: Parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.

Spitalfields, Middlesex
Type Ecclesiastical Parish
Civil Jurisdictions
Hundred Ossulstone (Tower Division)
County Middlesex
Poor Law Union Whitechapel
Registration District Whitechapel
Records begin
Parish registers: 1729
Bishop's Transcripts: 1800
Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions
Rural Deanery Not created until 1858
Diocese London
Province Canterbury
Legal Jurisdictions
Probate Court Court of the Commissary of the Bishop of London (London Division)
Location of Archive
Middlesex Record Office

Parish History

SPITALFIELDS Christchurch, a parish, in the union of Whitechapel, Tower division of the hundred of Ossulstone, County of Middlesex. The parish was originally a hamlet in Stepney, from which it was separated by act of parliament in 1729. The church was built in 1729. Sir George Wheler's chapel, in Chapel Street, was built [in 1693] by that gentleman for the accommodation of his tenants, previously to the erection of the parochial church. It [was] a proprietary episcopal chapel [bought and paid for privately], now in the patronage of the Rev. Richard Tillard. In Spital Square is a church dedicated to St. Mary.

There are places of worship for Independents, Wesleyans, and Calvinistic Methodists.'[1] In addition, there were chapels for French Huguenots within the parish, although their respective worshipers had by the mid-19th Century mostly diminished having assimilated into the ranks of England's predominant religion. Due to their heavy weaving propensity and influence, however, in the local cloth and weaving industry was felt for centuries.

Christ Church Spitalfields, the church of, is situated on the south side of Church Street, Spitalfields, directly facing the eastern end of Union Street, Bishopsgate Without. The district called Spitalfields derives its name from having been built upon the fields and grounds belonging to St Mary's Spital, and was formerly a hamlet in the parish of Stepney; but from the great increase of inhabitants, arising from the settlement of the persecuted French Protestants, after the revocation of the edict of Nantz[ sic], by Louis XIV, within its precincts, it was made, in the year 1723, a distinct parish under its present name.

This church is one of the fifty new churches ordered to be built by act of parliament, in the reign of Queen Anne. It was began in 1723, by Nicholas Hawksmore, the favourite pupil of Sir Christopher Wren, and was finished in 1729. It is a substantial edifice, built of stone, with a lofty spire over a Doric portico... The interior is 111 feet in length, eighty-seven in breadth, and thirty-four in height.

The church is made a rectory, but is not to be held in commendam; it is in the dioceses of London, in the county of Middlesex, but exempt from the jurisdiction of the archdeacon...[2]

Resources

Find Neighboring Parishes

Use England Jurisdictions 1851 Map

  • Type the name of the parish in the search bar
  • Click on the location pin on the map
  • Choose Options from the pop up box
  • Click "List Contiguous Parishes" to find the neighboring parishes

Civil Registration

Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day.

Church Records

The Church of England (Anglican) became the official state religion in 1534, with the reigning monarch as its Supreme Governor.
Non-Conformist refers to all other religious denominations that are not the official state religion.

Church of England

Due to the increasing access of online records:

  • Individual parish coverage for databases in this table are inconsistent and should be verified
  • Dates in the following table are approximate

Hover over the collection's title for more information

Spitalfields Online Parish Records
Collections
Baptisms
Marriages
Burials
Indexes and images
Indexes only
Indexes and images
Indexes only
Indexes and images
Indexes only
FamilySearch Collections-Middlesex
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
FamilySearch Parish Registers-Middlesex
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
Bishop's Transcripts - FamilySearch Catalog
1700s-1800s
-
1700s-1800s
-
1700s-1800s
-
FreeREG
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
Findmypast-Middlesex ($)
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
1400s-1900s
Findmypast (Westminster)-Middlesex ($)
-
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
-
1400s-1900s
Findmypast Banns-Middlesex ($)
-
-
-
1700s-1800s
-
-
Ancestry-London Church of England BMD (Early) ($)
1500s-1800s
-
1500s-1800s
-
1500s-1800s
-
Ancestry-London Church of England BMD (Late) ($)
1800s-1900s
-
1700s-1900s
-
1800s-2000s
-
Ancestry Marriage Bonds and Allegations-London and Surrey ($)
-
-
1600s-1900s
-
-
-
Ancestry-England & Wales, Birth, Christening, Marriage and Death Indexes ($)
-
1500s-1900s
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
1500s-1900s
-
1500s-1900s
Databases with Known Incomplete Parish Coverage
Boyd's Marriage Indexes-FMP (Free)
-
-
-
1500s-1800s
-
-
National Burial Index-FMP (Free)
-
-
-
-
-
1600s-1800s

Other Websites These databases have incomplete parish coverage.

Nonconformist Records

"Nonconformist" is a term referring to religious denominations other than an established or state church. In England, the state church is the Church of England.

Census Records

1640 Protestation Return
  • Stepney (including Limehouse, Poplar, Blackwall, Old Ford, Stratford Bow, Spitalfields, Bethnal Green, Mile-End, St. Leonard Bromley, and Ratcliffe) (House of Lords), Copy: FS Library Film 1550096 item 25.


Census records from 1841 to 1911 are available online. For access, see England Census Records and Indexes Online. Census records from 1841 to 1891 are also available on film through a FamilySearch Center or at the FamilySearch Library.


Probate Records

Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Middlesex Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.

Maps and Gazetteers

Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.

Websites

Spitalfields on GENUKI

References

  1. Samuel Lewis, ed. A Topographical Dictionary of England 159-164. (London: S. Lewis and Co., 1848), Online here, (accessed: 03 May 2010). Adapted.
  2. James Elmes, A Topographical Dictionary of London and its Environs (London: Whittaker, Treacher and Arnot, 1831). Adapted. Digitised by Google Books.