Ashbourne with Mapleton, Derbyshire Genealogy: Difference between revisions
(Added dates) |
m (Text replacement - "images (''coverage may vary'')" to "images; coverage may vary") |
||
(55 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[England]] [[ | {{breadcrumb | ||
| link1=[[England Genealogy|England]] | |||
| link2=[[Derbyshire, England Genealogy|Derbyshire]] | |||
| link3=[[Derbyshire Parishes]] | |||
| link4= | |||
| link5=[[Ashbourne with Mapleton, Derbyshire Genealogy|Ashbourne with Mapleton]] | |||
}} | |||
Guide to '''Ashbourne with Mapleton, Derbyshire ancestry, family history, and genealogy:''' parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records. | |||
{{Infobox England Jurisdictions | |||
| image = Ashbourne St John Derbyshire.jpg | |||
| caption = Ashbourne St John Derbyshire | |||
| Type = [[Ecclesiastical Parish]] | |||
| County = Derbyshire | |||
| Hundred = Appletree; Morlestone and Litchurch; Wirksworth | |||
| Poor Law Union = [http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Ashbourne/ Ashbourne] | |||
| Registration District = Ashbourne | |||
| PRbegin = 1538; Separate registers exist for Hulland beginning 1838 and also for Mapleton beginning 1704 | |||
| BTbegin = 1662; Separate records exist for Hulland beginning 1838 and also for Mapleton beginning 1677 | |||
| Province = Canterbury | |||
| Diocese = Lichfield | |||
| Archdeaconry = | |||
| Archdeaconries = | |||
| Rural Deanery = Ashbourne | |||
| Parish = | |||
| Peculiar = | |||
| Chapelry = | |||
| Probate Court = Court of the Bishop of Lichfield (Episcopal Consistory) | |||
| Archdeaconry Court = | |||
| Bishops Court = | |||
| Prerogative Court = | |||
| Archive = [[Derbyshire Record Office]] | |||
}} | |||
== Parish History | == Parish History == | ||
Ashbourne with Mapleton is an Ecclesiastical '''Parish''' in the county of Derbyshire, created early from Ashbourne Ancient Parish and Mapleton '''Ancient Parish'''. Other places in the parish include: Hulland Ward Intakes, Hulland Ward Indaks, Mapleton, Hulland Ward, Newton Grange, Mappleton, Yieldersley, Hollin Ward, Holland Ward, Offcote and Underwood, Sturston, Yeldersley, and Hulland. | Ashbourne with Mapleton is an Ecclesiastical '''Parish''' in the county of Derbyshire, created early from Ashbourne Ancient Parish and Mapleton '''Ancient Parish'''. Other places in the parish include: Hulland Ward Intakes, Hulland Ward Indaks, Mapleton, Hulland Ward, Newton Grange, Mappleton, Yieldersley, Hollin Ward, Holland Ward, Offcote and Underwood, Sturston, Yeldersley, and Hulland. | ||
At Alsop, Clifton, and Parlich are additional churches. There are places of worship for '''Wesleyans''', '''Independents''', and '''others'''. The poor-law union of Ashbourn comprises 61 parishes and townships, of which 17 are in Staffordshire. In the neighborhood formerly stood a chapel dedicated to St. Mary.<ref> | At Alsop, Clifton, and Parlich are additional churches. There are places of worship for '''Wesleyans''', '''Independents''', and '''others'''. The poor-law union of Ashbourn comprises 61 parishes and townships, of which 17 are in Staffordshire. In the neighborhood formerly stood a chapel dedicated to St. Mary.<ref>Samuel A. Lewis, [http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50761#s28 ''A Topographical Dictionary of England'',] (1848), pp. 77-81. Date accessed: 02 July 2103.</ref> | ||
YELDERSLEY, a hamlet, in the parish of Ashbourn, hundred of Appletree, S. division of the county of Derby, 3½ miles (E. S. E.) from Ashbourn. | YELDERSLEY, a hamlet, in the parish of Ashbourn, hundred of Appletree, S. division of the county of Derby, 3½ miles (E. S. E.) from Ashbourn. | ||
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson | In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Mapleton like this: | ||
MAPPLETON, a village and a '''parish''' in Ashborne district, Derby. The village stands on the river Dove, at the boundary with Stafford, 1¾ mile NW of Ashborne r. station. The living is a rectory, annexed to the vicarage of Ashborne, in the diocese of Lichfield.<ref> | MAPPLETON, a village and a '''parish''' in Ashborne district, Derby. The village stands on the river Dove, at the boundary with Stafford, 1¾ mile NW of Ashborne r. station. The living is a rectory, annexed to the vicarage of Ashborne, in the diocese of Lichfield.<ref>John Marius Wilson [https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/4079 ''Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales]'', (1870-72). Accessed: 02 July 2013.</ref> | ||
== Resources | == Resources == | ||
=== | === Find Neighboring Parishes === | ||
Use [https://www.familysearch.org/mapp/ England Jurisdictions 1851 Map] | |||
::*Type the name of the parish in the ''search bar'' | |||
::*Click on the location ''pin'' on the map | |||
::*Choose ''Options'' from the pop up box | |||
::*Click "List Contiguous Parishes" to find the neighboring parishes<br> | |||
=== Civil Registration === | |||
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day.<br> | |||
*'''1837-2000s''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-records/derbyshire-registrars-birth-index Derbyshire Registrars Birth Index] at Findmypast - index ($) | |||
*'''1837-2000s''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-records/derbyshire-registrars-marriage-index Derbyshire Registrars Marriage Index] at Findmypast - index ($) | |||
*'''1837-2000s''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-records/derbyshire-registrars-death-index Derbyshire Registrars Death Index] at Findmypast - index ($) | |||
*''See [[England Civil Registration]] for online resources and information''.<br><br> | |||
=== Church | === Church Records === | ||
''The Church of England'' (Anglican) became the official state religion in 1534, with the reigning monarch as its Supreme Governor. <br> | |||
''Non-Conformist'' refers to all other religious denominations that are not the official state religion. | |||
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border=" | ==== Church of England ==== | ||
<font color=blue> Due to the increasing access of online records:</font><br> | |||
*<font color=blue>Individual parish coverage for databases in this table are inconsistent and should be verified<br> | |||
*Dates in the following table are approximate </font><br> | |||
'''''Hover over the collection's title for more information''''' | |||
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#b6cee2" align="center" scope="col" colspan="7" | '''Ashbourne with Mapleton Online Parish Records''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#efdcc3" | <center>'''''Collections'''''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="#d9bfbf" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Baptisms'''''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#bfd9bf" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Marriages'''''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#cac4d4" colspan="2" | <center>'''''Burials'''''</center> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | | bgcolor="#ffffff" | | ||
| | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes only''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>''Indexes only''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>''Indexes and images''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>''Indexes only''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FamilySearch Collections-Derbyshire | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=0&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CDerbyshire 1500s-1900s]</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=1&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CDerbyshire 1500s-1900s]</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>[https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?count=20&f.recordType=2&q.recordCountry=England&q.recordSubcountry=England%2CDerbyshire 1500s-1900s]</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FamilySearch Parish Registers-Derbyshire | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>{{RecordSearch|1911752|1500s-1900s}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>{{RecordSearch|1911752|1500s-1900s}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>{{RecordSearch|1911752|1500s-1900s}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Bishop's Transcripts - FamilySearch Catalog | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"|<center>{{FS Bishop's Transcript}}</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| FreeREG | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center> [https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.freereg.org.uk/ 1500s-1900s] </center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Findmypast-Derbyshire ($) | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/derbyshire-births-and-baptisms 1500s-1900s]</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/derbyshire-marriages 1500s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/derbyshire-deaths-and-burials 1500s-1800s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry (Early)-Derbyshire ($) | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61407/ 1500s-1800s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61407/ 1500s-1800s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61407/ 1500s-1800s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry (Late)-Derbyshire ($) | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61408/ 1800s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center> [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61409/ 1700s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center> [https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=61410 1800s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Ancestry-England & Wales, Birth, Christening, Marriage and Death Indexes ($) | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9841/ 1500s-1900s]<br>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1351/ 1500s-1900s]</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9852/ 1500s-1900s]<br>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1352/ 1500s-1900s] </center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | |||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/9840/ 1500s-1900s]<center> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#dbe7f0" align="center" scope="col" colspan="7" | ''Databases with Known Incomplete Parish Coverage'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| Boyd's Marriage Indexes-FMP (Free) | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>[https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search-world-Records/england-boyds-marriage-indexes-1538-1850 1500s-1800s]</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" width="30%"| National Burial Index-FMP (Free) | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#ffffff" | <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="# | | bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>'''-'''</center> | ||
| bgcolor="#E8E8E8"| <center>[https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/national-burial-index-for-england-and-wales 1600s-1900s]</center> | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''''Other Websites''''' | |||
These databases have incomplete parish coverage. <br> | |||
*[http://joinermarriageindex.co.uk/marriage-records/Derbyshire/ Joiner Marriage Index - Derbyshire] ($) | |||
*[https://parishregister.co.uk/online/derbyshire-parish-records The Genealogist Parish Registers - Derbyshire] ($) | |||
*[http://www.dustydocs.com/ UK Websites for Parish Records] - Links to online genealogical records | |||
*[https://ogindex.org/ Online Genealogical Index] - Links to online genealogical records | |||
====Nonconformist Records==== | |||
"Nonconformist" is a term referring to religious denominations other than an established or state church. In England, the state church is the Church of England.<br> | |||
*'''1717''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/england-and-wales-roman-catholics-1717 England & Wales, Roman Catholics, 1717] at Findmypast ($), index and images; coverage may vary | |||
*Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | *Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | ||
*Countess of Huntingdon Methodist | *Countess of Huntingdon Methodist | ||
Line 79: | Line 191: | ||
*Wesleyan Methodist Reform | *Wesleyan Methodist Reform | ||
=== | === Census Records === | ||
{{British Census|241299}} | |||
=== Poor Law Unions === | === Poor Law Unions === | ||
Line 91: | Line 199: | ||
[[Ashbourne Poor Law Union, Derbyshire]] | [[Ashbourne Poor Law Union, Derbyshire]] | ||
=== Probate | === Probate Records === | ||
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to [[Derbyshire Probate Records|Derbyshire Probate Records]] to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish. | Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to [[Derbyshire Probate Records|Derbyshire Probate Records]] to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish. | ||
Line 99: | Line 207: | ||
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.<br> | Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.<br> | ||
*[ | *[https://www.familysearch.org/mapp/ England Jurisdictions 1851] | ||
*[ | *[https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/index.jsp Vision of Britain] | ||
== | == Websites == | ||
*Ashbourne on [http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/DBY/Ashbourne GENUKI] | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{ | {{Derbyshire}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Derbyshire_Parishes]] |
Latest revision as of 19:36, 13 June 2024
Guide to Ashbourne with Mapleton, Derbyshire ancestry, family history, and genealogy: parish registers, transcripts, census records, birth records, marriage records, and death records.
Ashbourne with Mapleton, Derbyshire | |
---|---|
![]() Ashbourne St John Derbyshire | |
Type | Ecclesiastical Parish |
Civil Jurisdictions | |
Hundred | Appletree; Morlestone and Litchurch; Wirksworth |
County | Derbyshire |
Poor Law Union | Ashbourne |
Registration District | Ashbourne |
Records begin | |
Parish registers: 1538; Separate registers exist for Hulland beginning 1838 and also for Mapleton beginning 1704 | |
Bishop's Transcripts: 1662; Separate records exist for Hulland beginning 1838 and also for Mapleton beginning 1677 | |
Ecclesiastical Jurisdictions | |
Rural Deanery | Ashbourne |
Diocese | Lichfield |
Province | Canterbury |
Legal Jurisdictions | |
Probate Court | Court of the Bishop of Lichfield (Episcopal Consistory) |
Location of Archive | |
Derbyshire Record Office | |
Parish History[edit | edit source]
Ashbourne with Mapleton is an Ecclesiastical Parish in the county of Derbyshire, created early from Ashbourne Ancient Parish and Mapleton Ancient Parish. Other places in the parish include: Hulland Ward Intakes, Hulland Ward Indaks, Mapleton, Hulland Ward, Newton Grange, Mappleton, Yieldersley, Hollin Ward, Holland Ward, Offcote and Underwood, Sturston, Yeldersley, and Hulland.
At Alsop, Clifton, and Parlich are additional churches. There are places of worship for Wesleyans, Independents, and others. The poor-law union of Ashbourn comprises 61 parishes and townships, of which 17 are in Staffordshire. In the neighborhood formerly stood a chapel dedicated to St. Mary.[1]
YELDERSLEY, a hamlet, in the parish of Ashbourn, hundred of Appletree, S. division of the county of Derby, 3½ miles (E. S. E.) from Ashbourn.
In 1870-72, John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Mapleton like this:
MAPPLETON, a village and a parish in Ashborne district, Derby. The village stands on the river Dove, at the boundary with Stafford, 1¾ mile NW of Ashborne r. station. The living is a rectory, annexed to the vicarage of Ashborne, in the diocese of Lichfield.[2]
Resources[edit | edit source]
Find Neighboring Parishes[edit | edit source]
Use England Jurisdictions 1851 Map
- Type the name of the parish in the search bar
- Click on the location pin on the map
- Choose Options from the pop up box
- Click "List Contiguous Parishes" to find the neighboring parishes
Civil Registration[edit | edit source]
Birth, marriages and deaths were kept by the government, from July 1837 to the present day.
- 1837-2000s Derbyshire Registrars Birth Index at Findmypast - index ($)
- 1837-2000s Derbyshire Registrars Marriage Index at Findmypast - index ($)
- 1837-2000s Derbyshire Registrars Death Index at Findmypast - index ($)
- See England Civil Registration for online resources and information.
Church Records[edit | edit source]
The Church of England (Anglican) became the official state religion in 1534, with the reigning monarch as its Supreme Governor.
Non-Conformist refers to all other religious denominations that are not the official state religion.
Church of England[edit | edit source]
Due to the increasing access of online records:
- Individual parish coverage for databases in this table are inconsistent and should be verified
- Dates in the following table are approximate
Hover over the collection's title for more information
Ashbourne with Mapleton Online Parish Records | ||||||
FamilySearch Collections-Derbyshire | ||||||
FamilySearch Parish Registers-Derbyshire | ||||||
Bishop's Transcripts - FamilySearch Catalog | ||||||
FreeREG | ||||||
Findmypast-Derbyshire ($) | ||||||
Ancestry (Early)-Derbyshire ($) | ||||||
Ancestry (Late)-Derbyshire ($) | ||||||
Ancestry-England & Wales, Birth, Christening, Marriage and Death Indexes ($) | 1500s-1900s |
1500s-1900s |
||||
Databases with Known Incomplete Parish Coverage | ||||||
Boyd's Marriage Indexes-FMP (Free) | ||||||
National Burial Index-FMP (Free) |
Other Websites
These databases have incomplete parish coverage.
- Joiner Marriage Index - Derbyshire ($)
- The Genealogist Parish Registers - Derbyshire ($)
- UK Websites for Parish Records - Links to online genealogical records
- Online Genealogical Index - Links to online genealogical records
Nonconformist Records[edit | edit source]
"Nonconformist" is a term referring to religious denominations other than an established or state church. In England, the state church is the Church of England.
- 1717 England & Wales, Roman Catholics, 1717 at Findmypast ($), index and images; coverage may vary
- Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- Countess of Huntingdon Methodist
- Independent/Congregational
- Presbyterian
- Primitive Methodist
- Roman Catholic
- Wesleyan Methodist
- Wesleyan Methodist Reform
Census Records[edit | edit source]
Census records from 1841 to 1911 are available online. For access, see England Census Records and Indexes Online. Census records from 1841 to 1891 are also available on film through a FamilySearch Center or at the FamilySearch Library.
Poor Law Unions[edit | edit source]
Ashbourne Poor Law Union, Derbyshire
Probate Records[edit | edit source]
Records of wills, administrations, inventories, indexes, etc. were filed by the court with jurisdiction over this parish. Go to Derbyshire Probate Records to find the name of the court having primary jurisdiction. Scroll down in the article to the section Court Jurisdictions by Parish.
Maps and Gazetteers[edit | edit source]
Maps are a visual look at the locations in England. Gazetteers contain brief summaries about a place.
Websites[edit | edit source]
- Ashbourne on GENUKI
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Samuel A. Lewis, A Topographical Dictionary of England, (1848), pp. 77-81. Date accessed: 02 July 2103.
- ↑ John Marius Wilson Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales, (1870-72). Accessed: 02 July 2013.