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Effective family research requires understanding of the society in which your ancestor lived. Learning about everyday life, religious practices, customs, and traditions will help you appreciate your ancestor and the time in which he or she lived. This information is particularly helpful if you choose to write a family history. Research procedures and genealogical sources may differ for each area and time period and are affected by the local customs and traditions. The information that might be of interest to you might include mortality rate, life spans, apprenticeship customs and courting and marriage customs.  
Effective family research requires understanding of the society in which your ancestor lived. Learning about everyday life, religious practices, customs, and traditions will help you appreciate your ancestor and the time in which he or she lived. This information is particularly helpful if you choose to write a family history. Research procedures and genealogical sources may differ for each area and time period and are affected by the local customs and traditions. The information that might be of interest to you might include mortality rate, life spans, apprenticeship customs and courting and marriage customs.  


Farm Life  
==Farm Life==


In early Finland most persons lived on or were associated with a farm. There were different types of farmers; which include owners and laborers. Tilallinen (bonde - Swedish), renki (drängen – Swedish), piika (pigan – Swedish) and torppari (torparen – Swedish) are generally mentioned in Finnish parish records.  
In early Finland most persons lived on or were associated with a farm. There were different types of farmers; which include owners and laborers. Tilallinen (bonde - Swedish), renki (drängen – Swedish), piika (pigan – Swedish) and torppari (torparen – Swedish) are generally mentioned in Finnish parish records.  


Tilallinen were farm owners. Renki (unmarried farmhands) and piika (unmarried women laborers) worked for room and board on farms. These young people could have been as young as fourteen years old and often moved from farm to farm. For information on types of farm owners and laborers see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FHL book 948.97 D27v)  
Tilallinen were farm owners. Renki (unmarried farmhands) and piika (unmarried women laborers) worked for room and board on farms. These young people could have been as young as fourteen years old and often moved from farm to farm. For information on types of farm owners and laborers see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v)  


Torpparit were tenant farmers who leased land from landowners. In the early nineteenth century there were more torpparit in Finland than later in the century. Many of these torpparit were sons of the landowners. A torppari lived and raised his family on the land he leased. He grew vegetables and grain, and built a small home for his family on the property. He likely had a small area in which to pasture a cow. In exchange for the lease, the torppari worked for the landowner, father or not, and gave a portion of his produce to him. See J. Hampden Jackson, Finland (New York: the MacMillan Company, 1940), 71.  
Torpparit were tenant farmers who leased land from landowners. In the early nineteenth century there were more torpparit in Finland than later in the century. Many of these torpparit were sons of the landowners. A torppari lived and raised his family on the land he leased. He grew vegetables and grain, and built a small home for his family on the property. He likely had a small area in which to pasture a cow. In exchange for the lease, the torppari worked for the landowner, father or not, and gave a portion of his produce to him. See J. Hampden Jackson, Finland (New York: the MacMillan Company, 1940), 71.  
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During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries there were many torpare because the landowners were interested in cultivating more of their land. The torppari cleared forest to build homes and grow crops. However, after the mid-nineteenth century, the landowners valued the forests as timber to be sold to urban mills that prepared the wood to be exported. The landowners were not as willing to lease land anymore for torppari use. Torppari leases were oral understandings and not committed to writing, and a landowner could exact ever increasing work and produce from the torppari. Some torpparit eventually left their leased property to seek employment elsewhere. See Jackson, Finland, 71-72.  
During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries there were many torpare because the landowners were interested in cultivating more of their land. The torppari cleared forest to build homes and grow crops. However, after the mid-nineteenth century, the landowners valued the forests as timber to be sold to urban mills that prepared the wood to be exported. The landowners were not as willing to lease land anymore for torppari use. Torppari leases were oral understandings and not committed to writing, and a landowner could exact ever increasing work and produce from the torppari. Some torpparit eventually left their leased property to seek employment elsewhere. See Jackson, Finland, 71-72.  


Weddings  
==Weddings==


Socialization in eighteenth and nineteenth century Finland was limited mainly to the area in which one lived. Often as dräng and pigan moved to farms away from their families to work; they formed relationships that led to marriage. It was not unusual for young people to move to neighboring parishes. In such cases, the marriage usually took place in the bride’s home parish. However, marriages did occur in the groom’s home parish as well. Once a couple became engaged a kuulutetut (banns – Swedish), or announcement, was read in the church. The kuulutetut was read each Sunday for three weeks. If there were no objections to the engagement the couple was free to marry.  
Socialization in eighteenth and nineteenth century Finland was limited mainly to the area in which one lived. Often as dräng and pigan moved to farms away from their families to work; they formed relationships that led to marriage. It was not unusual for young people to move to neighboring parishes. In such cases, the marriage usually took place in the bride’s home parish. However, marriages did occur in the groom’s home parish as well. Once a couple became engaged a kuulutetut (banns – Swedish), or announcement, was read in the church. The kuulutetut was read each Sunday for three weeks. If there were no objections to the engagement the couple was free to marry.  


Before the 20th century weddings in Finland were most often held after the harvest. Wedding customs differed between Finland in the west and in the east. For more information on wedding customs in Finland see Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FHL book 948.97 D27v) Also the article Old Marriage Customs in Finland written by June Pelo is quite informative. http://sydaby.eget.net/swe/jp_marriage.htm  
Before the 20th century weddings in Finland were most often held after the harvest. Wedding customs differed between Finland in the west and in the east. For more information on wedding customs in Finland see Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v) Also the article Old Marriage Customs in Finland written by June Pelo is quite informative. http://sydaby.eget.net/swe/jp_marriage.htm  


Baptisms  
==Baptisms==


In Finland infants were usually baptized within a week of birth. Typically a baptism occurred in the church, but could also be done in the parsonage or the family home. Godparents and witnesses were usually present at baptisms. Weather, distance from the church or the child’s health played a part in where an infant baptism occurred. For a further description of baptism customs in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994.(FHL book 948.97 D27v)  
In Finland infants were usually baptized within a week of birth. Typically a baptism occurred in the church, but could also be done in the parsonage or the family home. Godparents and witnesses were usually present at baptisms. Weather, distance from the church or the child’s health played a part in where an infant baptism occurred. For a further description of baptism customs in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994.(FS Library book 948.97 D27v)  


Burials  
==Burials==


For information on death and burials in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FHL book 948.97 D27v)  
For information on death and burials in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v)  


<br> The Finnish Sauna  
==The Finnish Sauna==


Saunas have been a part of the Finnish way of life for hundreds of years. Almost every family in Finland had access to a sauna if they did not have their own. Finnish saunas were not just used for cleanliness. The Finnish believed the hot steam of a sauna promoted good health. Mothers gave birth to their children in saunas and the dead were bathed in the sauna. Many a young bride cleansed herself in the family sauna to prepare for her marriage. If possible the family sauna was built near a lake. See Sylvie Nickels, Hillar Kallas, and Philippa Friedman, editors, Finland, An Introduction (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), 292-293. <br>
Saunas have been a part of the Finnish way of life for hundreds of years. Almost every family in Finland had access to a sauna if they did not have their own. Finnish saunas were not just used for cleanliness. The Finnish believed the hot steam of a sauna promoted good health. Mothers gave birth to their children in saunas and the dead were bathed in the sauna. Many a young bride cleansed herself in the family sauna to prepare for her marriage. If possible the family sauna was built near a lake. See Sylvie Nickels, Hillar Kallas, and Philippa Friedman, editors, Finland, An Introduction (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), 292-293. <br>  


The lake provided the water for the steam and bathing in the sauna. A fire was built under a bed of rocks. Cold water thrown on the hot rocks provided all the steam one could bear. Little birch twigs were grouped together and were used to swat the skin to stimulate circulation. See June Drenning Holmquist, editor, They Chose Minnesota, A Survey of The State’s Ethnic Groups (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981), 303. <br>
The lake provided the water for the steam and bathing in the sauna. A fire was built under a bed of rocks. Cold water thrown on the hot rocks provided all the steam one could bear. Little birch twigs were grouped together and were used to swat the skin to stimulate circulation. See June Drenning Holmquist, editor, They Chose Minnesota, A Survey of The State’s Ethnic Groups (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981), 303. <br>  


Many Finns jumped into the cold water of the lake after they had treated themselves to the hot, moist sauna.  
Many Finns jumped into the cold water of the lake after they had treated themselves to the hot, moist sauna.  


<br>
The FamilySearch Library has collected a few sources that discuss Finnish social life and customs. The sources are written in Finnish, Swedish and one has an English translation. They are listed in the Subject Search of the FamilySearch catalog under: FINLAND – SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS
==Scandinavian Folklore==
*[http://www.ststlocations.com/Archives/Scandinavian/Folklore/ Scandinavian Folklore]
 
==Publications==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Topic !! Time period !! Resource !! Locations Covered
|-
|Farming||||Ahlbäck, Ragna. {{FSC|522228|item|disp=i svenska Finland: teori och praktik inom åkerbruk och boskapsskötsel''}}. Helsingfors, Finland||: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 1983||Finland
|-
|Family life||||Gaunt, David. {{FSC|178225|item|disp=''Familjeliv i Norden''}}. [S.l.] : Gidlunds, 1983||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Stoddard, Theodore L. {{FSC|544718|item|disp=''Finland, a country study''}}. Washington, D.C.: American University, 1983||Finland
|-
|Finno-Ugrian people||||Sirelius, U. T. {{FSC|453787|item|disp=''The genealogy of the Finns: the Finno-Ugrian peoples''}}. Helsinki, Finland : s.n., 1925||Finland
|-
|Estates||1721-1870||Wirilander, Kaarlo . {{FSC|337339|item|disp=''Herrskapsfolk : ståndspersoner i Finland, 1721-1870''}}. [S.l. : s.n.], 1982||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||1850-1990||Coninck-Smith, Ning de.; Sandin, Bengt; and Schrumpf, Ellen. {{FSC|1027685|item|disp=''Industrious children: work and childhood in the Nordic countries 1850-1990''}}. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press, 1997||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Ailio, Julius. {{FSC|2342939|item|disp=asunnot: eri kehitysasteissaan''}}. Helsinki, Finland: Suomal. Kirjall. Seuran kirjapainon osakeyhtiö, 1902||Finland
|-
|Russian life||1917-1939||Baschmakoff, Natalia. and Leinonen, Marja. {{FSC|1111487|item|disp=life in Finland 1917-1939: a local and oral history''}}. Helsinki, Finland: Institute for Russian and East European Studies, 2001||Finland
|-
|Cultural history||1700-1940||Kent, Neil. {{FSC|1349657|item|disp=''The soul of the north: a social, architectural and cultural history of the Nordic countries, 1700-1940''}}. London, England: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2000||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Suomalaisuuden Liitto. {{FSC|390561|item|disp=Suomi: heimonumero''}}. Finland: Suomalaisuuden Liitto, 1941||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Manninen, Kirjoittanut I. {{FSC|763329|item|disp=kansat: kuvauksia esineellisen kulttuurin alalta''}}. Porvoo, Finland: WSOY, 1929||Finland
|-
|Women, Gender Roles||16th Century||Mäkelä, Anneli. {{FSC|589701|item|disp=perheeseen: Satakunnan ja Karjalan naisen asema 1500-luvulla''}}. Helsinki, Finland: SHS, 1989||Satakunnan, Karjalan
|-
|Social life and customs||||Rislakki, Ensio; Kivijärvi, Kai; Rintakoski, Kauno. {{FSC|2481612|item|disp=''This is Finland''}}. Helsinki, Finland : Lehtiyhtymä, 1946||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Vilkuna, Kustaa. {{FSC|58437|item|disp=ja ilonpito : kansanomaisia työnjuhlia ja kestityksiä''}}. Helsinki, Finland : Otava, 1983||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||1917-1939||Nevalainen, Pekka. {{FSC|1390202|item|disp=kuin Luoja kerjäläistä: Venäjän pakolaiset Suomessa 1917-1939''}}. Helsinki, Finland: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1999||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||1700s||Sirén, Kirsi. {{FSC|1055798|item|disp=''Suuresta suvusta pieneen perheeseen: itäsuomalainen perhe 1700-luvulla''}}. Helsinki, Finland: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1999||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Aimo Halila ; kuvittanut Erkki Tanttu. {{FSC|337301|item|disp=raatiherrat ja porvarit''}}. Helsinki, Finland: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1982||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Eklund, Håkan. {{FSC|2172404|item|disp=tidskriften som dokumenterar ett kulturarv''}}. Åbo, Finland: Skärgårdsinstitutet vid Åbo Akademi, 1976||Finland
|-
|Customs and Etiquette||||Swallow, Deborah. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=QfCIAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR4&dq=Finland+Social+life+and+customs&ots=17T_AHcMq4&sig=odvyuRc9uTeNhr2sT1jZtVTogmU#v=onepage&q=Finland%20Social%20life%20and%20customs&f=false ''Cultureshock! Finland: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette'']. Marshall Cavendish, 2008||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Paasi, Anssi  & Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13562570801969366m ''Territorial Dynamics, Cross-border Work and Everyday Life in the Finnish–Swedish Border Area'']. Space and Polity, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2008||Finland-Sweden border
|-
|Funeral customs||||Kemppainen, Ilona. [https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=241297 ''Finnish funeral customs in manners guides''']. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, 2011||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||1963||Finland. Ulkoasiainministeriö. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/introduction-to-finland-1963/oclc/9388791&referer=brief_results ''Introduction to Finland 1963'']. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1963||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Leney, Terttu. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finland/oclc/890382088&referer=brief_results ''Finland'']. London: Kuperard, 2009||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Finland. Suurlähetystö. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finland-suomi/oclc/1014022177&referer=brief_results ''Finland = Suomi'']. Washington, DC: The Embassy of Finland, 1971||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Finland. Suurlähetystö. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/embassy-of-finland-in-washington-dc/oclc/65167888&referer=brief_results ''The embassy of Finland in Washington, D.C.'']. Washington, D.C.: The Embassy, 2005||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Desneiges, Georges. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finland/oclc/6514365&referer=brief_results ''Finland'']. London, Vista Books; New York, Viking Press,1965||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Knowlton, MaryLee. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finland/oclc/778924459&referer=brief_results ''Finland'']. Gareth Stevens, 1988||Finland
|-
|Fables/tales||||Livo, Norma J.; Livo, George O. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/enchanted-wood-and-other-tales-from-finland/oclc/39195373&referer=brief_results ''The enchanted wood and other tales from Finland'']. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1999||Finland
|-
|Sauna||||Edelsward, L. M. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/sauna-as-symbol-society-and-culture-in-finland/oclc/235927830&referer=brief_results ''Sauna as symbol: society and culture in Finland'']. New York: Peter Lang, 2001||Finland
|-
|Social life and customs||||Steinby, Ann-Gerd. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finland/oclc/54382205&referer=brief_results ''Finland'']. Stockhol: Utbildningsförlaget Brevskolan, 1995||Finland
|-
|Folklore||||Sarmela, Matti; Paavola, Oiva; [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finnish-folklore-atlas-ethnic-culture-of-finland-2/oclc/1012687518&referer=brief_results ''Finnish folklore atlas: ethnic culture of Finland 2'']. Helsinki: M. Sarmela, 2009||Finland
|-
|Daily life, customs||||Lipsanen, Anneke. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/finnish-folk-year-a-perpetual-diary-book-of-days-ways-and-customs/oclc/17160579&referer=brief_results ''The Finnish folk year: a perpetual diary & book of days, ways, and customs'']. Helsinki: Otava Pub. Co., 1987||Finland
|-
|Daily life||||Luukkonen, Monika. [https://www.worldcat.org/title/everyday-life-in-finland/oclc/899971202&referer=brief_results ''Everyday life in Finland'']. グラフィック社, Tōkyō: Gurafikkusha, 2015||Finland
|}


The Family History Library has collected a few sources that discuss Finnish social life and customs. The sources are written in Finnish, Swedish and one has an English translation. They are listed in the Subject Search of the Family History Library catalog under: FINLAND – SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS
[[Category:Finland]][[Category:Social Life and Customs]]

Revision as of 13:41, 12 August 2024

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Effective family research requires understanding of the society in which your ancestor lived. Learning about everyday life, religious practices, customs, and traditions will help you appreciate your ancestor and the time in which he or she lived. This information is particularly helpful if you choose to write a family history. Research procedures and genealogical sources may differ for each area and time period and are affected by the local customs and traditions. The information that might be of interest to you might include mortality rate, life spans, apprenticeship customs and courting and marriage customs.

Farm Life[edit | edit source]

In early Finland most persons lived on or were associated with a farm. There were different types of farmers; which include owners and laborers. Tilallinen (bonde - Swedish), renki (drängen – Swedish), piika (pigan – Swedish) and torppari (torparen – Swedish) are generally mentioned in Finnish parish records.

Tilallinen were farm owners. Renki (unmarried farmhands) and piika (unmarried women laborers) worked for room and board on farms. These young people could have been as young as fourteen years old and often moved from farm to farm. For information on types of farm owners and laborers see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v)

Torpparit were tenant farmers who leased land from landowners. In the early nineteenth century there were more torpparit in Finland than later in the century. Many of these torpparit were sons of the landowners. A torppari lived and raised his family on the land he leased. He grew vegetables and grain, and built a small home for his family on the property. He likely had a small area in which to pasture a cow. In exchange for the lease, the torppari worked for the landowner, father or not, and gave a portion of his produce to him. See J. Hampden Jackson, Finland (New York: the MacMillan Company, 1940), 71.

Summer was critical to the success of a Finnish farm. Because of seventeen to nineteen hours of daylight, Finnish farmers spent fifteen-hour days in the fields during the summers. During winter months long dark days were likely spent clearing forest timber. The women of the household took care of the house, children, farm animals and made clothes for the family. They ground the grain grown on the property to make bread for the family. See Jackson, Finland, 70-71.

During the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries there were many torpare because the landowners were interested in cultivating more of their land. The torppari cleared forest to build homes and grow crops. However, after the mid-nineteenth century, the landowners valued the forests as timber to be sold to urban mills that prepared the wood to be exported. The landowners were not as willing to lease land anymore for torppari use. Torppari leases were oral understandings and not committed to writing, and a landowner could exact ever increasing work and produce from the torppari. Some torpparit eventually left their leased property to seek employment elsewhere. See Jackson, Finland, 71-72.

Weddings[edit | edit source]

Socialization in eighteenth and nineteenth century Finland was limited mainly to the area in which one lived. Often as dräng and pigan moved to farms away from their families to work; they formed relationships that led to marriage. It was not unusual for young people to move to neighboring parishes. In such cases, the marriage usually took place in the bride’s home parish. However, marriages did occur in the groom’s home parish as well. Once a couple became engaged a kuulutetut (banns – Swedish), or announcement, was read in the church. The kuulutetut was read each Sunday for three weeks. If there were no objections to the engagement the couple was free to marry.

Before the 20th century weddings in Finland were most often held after the harvest. Wedding customs differed between Finland in the west and in the east. For more information on wedding customs in Finland see Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v) Also the article Old Marriage Customs in Finland written by June Pelo is quite informative. http://sydaby.eget.net/swe/jp_marriage.htm

Baptisms[edit | edit source]

In Finland infants were usually baptized within a week of birth. Typically a baptism occurred in the church, but could also be done in the parsonage or the family home. Godparents and witnesses were usually present at baptisms. Weather, distance from the church or the child’s health played a part in where an infant baptism occurred. For a further description of baptism customs in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994.(FS Library book 948.97 D27v)

Burials[edit | edit source]

For information on death and burials in Finland see: Vincent, Timothy Laitila and Rick Tapiio. Finnish Genealogical Research. New Brighton, MN, 1994. (FS Library book 948.97 D27v)

The Finnish Sauna[edit | edit source]

Saunas have been a part of the Finnish way of life for hundreds of years. Almost every family in Finland had access to a sauna if they did not have their own. Finnish saunas were not just used for cleanliness. The Finnish believed the hot steam of a sauna promoted good health. Mothers gave birth to their children in saunas and the dead were bathed in the sauna. Many a young bride cleansed herself in the family sauna to prepare for her marriage. If possible the family sauna was built near a lake. See Sylvie Nickels, Hillar Kallas, and Philippa Friedman, editors, Finland, An Introduction (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), 292-293.

The lake provided the water for the steam and bathing in the sauna. A fire was built under a bed of rocks. Cold water thrown on the hot rocks provided all the steam one could bear. Little birch twigs were grouped together and were used to swat the skin to stimulate circulation. See June Drenning Holmquist, editor, They Chose Minnesota, A Survey of The State’s Ethnic Groups (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1981), 303.

Many Finns jumped into the cold water of the lake after they had treated themselves to the hot, moist sauna.

The FamilySearch Library has collected a few sources that discuss Finnish social life and customs. The sources are written in Finnish, Swedish and one has an English translation. They are listed in the Subject Search of the FamilySearch catalog under: FINLAND – SOCIAL LIFE AND CUSTOMS

Scandinavian Folklore[edit | edit source]

Publications[edit | edit source]

Topic Time period Resource Locations Covered
Farming Ahlbäck, Ragna. i svenska Finland: teori och praktik inom åkerbruk och boskapsskötsel. Helsingfors, Finland : Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, 1983 Finland
Family life Gaunt, David. Familjeliv i Norden. [S.l.] : Gidlunds, 1983 Finland
Social life and customs Stoddard, Theodore L. Finland, a country study. Washington, D.C.: American University, 1983 Finland
Finno-Ugrian people Sirelius, U. T. The genealogy of the Finns: the Finno-Ugrian peoples. Helsinki, Finland : s.n., 1925 Finland
Estates 1721-1870 Wirilander, Kaarlo . Herrskapsfolk : ståndspersoner i Finland, 1721-1870. [S.l. : s.n.], 1982 Finland
Social life and customs 1850-1990 Coninck-Smith, Ning de.; Sandin, Bengt; and Schrumpf, Ellen. Industrious children: work and childhood in the Nordic countries 1850-1990. Odense, Denmark: Odense University Press, 1997 Finland
Social life and customs Ailio, Julius. asunnot: eri kehitysasteissaan. Helsinki, Finland: Suomal. Kirjall. Seuran kirjapainon osakeyhtiö, 1902 Finland
Russian life 1917-1939 Baschmakoff, Natalia. and Leinonen, Marja. life in Finland 1917-1939: a local and oral history. Helsinki, Finland: Institute for Russian and East European Studies, 2001 Finland
Cultural history 1700-1940 Kent, Neil. The soul of the north: a social, architectural and cultural history of the Nordic countries, 1700-1940. London, England: Reaktion Books Ltd, 2000 Finland
Social life and customs Suomalaisuuden Liitto. Suomi: heimonumero. Finland: Suomalaisuuden Liitto, 1941 Finland
Social life and customs Manninen, Kirjoittanut I. kansat: kuvauksia esineellisen kulttuurin alalta. Porvoo, Finland: WSOY, 1929 Finland
Women, Gender Roles 16th Century Mäkelä, Anneli. perheeseen: Satakunnan ja Karjalan naisen asema 1500-luvulla. Helsinki, Finland: SHS, 1989 Satakunnan, Karjalan
Social life and customs Rislakki, Ensio; Kivijärvi, Kai; Rintakoski, Kauno. This is Finland. Helsinki, Finland : Lehtiyhtymä, 1946 Finland
Social life and customs Vilkuna, Kustaa. ja ilonpito : kansanomaisia työnjuhlia ja kestityksiä. Helsinki, Finland : Otava, 1983 Finland
Social life and customs 1917-1939 Nevalainen, Pekka. kuin Luoja kerjäläistä: Venäjän pakolaiset Suomessa 1917-1939. Helsinki, Finland: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1999 Finland
Social life and customs 1700s Sirén, Kirsi. Suuresta suvusta pieneen perheeseen: itäsuomalainen perhe 1700-luvulla. Helsinki, Finland: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1999 Finland
Social life and customs Aimo Halila ; kuvittanut Erkki Tanttu. raatiherrat ja porvarit. Helsinki, Finland: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1982 Finland
Social life and customs Eklund, Håkan. tidskriften som dokumenterar ett kulturarv. Åbo, Finland: Skärgårdsinstitutet vid Åbo Akademi, 1976 Finland
Customs and Etiquette Swallow, Deborah. Cultureshock! Finland: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette. Marshall Cavendish, 2008 Finland
Social life and customs Paasi, Anssi & Prokkola, Eeva-Kaisa. Territorial Dynamics, Cross-border Work and Everyday Life in the Finnish–Swedish Border Area. Space and Polity, Volume 12, Issue 1, 2008 Finland-Sweden border
Funeral customs Kemppainen, Ilona. Finnish funeral customs in manners guides'. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, 2011 Finland
Social life and customs 1963 Finland. Ulkoasiainministeriö. Introduction to Finland 1963. Porvoo, Finland: Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, 1963 Finland
Social life and customs Leney, Terttu. Finland. London: Kuperard, 2009 Finland
Social life and customs Finland. Suurlähetystö. Finland = Suomi. Washington, DC: The Embassy of Finland, 1971 Finland
Social life and customs Finland. Suurlähetystö. The embassy of Finland in Washington, D.C.. Washington, D.C.: The Embassy, 2005 Finland
Social life and customs Desneiges, Georges. Finland. London, Vista Books; New York, Viking Press,1965 Finland
Social life and customs Knowlton, MaryLee. Finland. Gareth Stevens, 1988 Finland
Fables/tales Livo, Norma J.; Livo, George O. The enchanted wood and other tales from Finland. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 1999 Finland
Sauna Edelsward, L. M. Sauna as symbol: society and culture in Finland. New York: Peter Lang, 2001 Finland
Social life and customs Steinby, Ann-Gerd. Finland. Stockhol: Utbildningsförlaget Brevskolan, 1995 Finland
Folklore Sarmela, Matti; Paavola, Oiva; Finnish folklore atlas: ethnic culture of Finland 2. Helsinki: M. Sarmela, 2009 Finland
Daily life, customs Lipsanen, Anneke. The Finnish folk year: a perpetual diary & book of days, ways, and customs. Helsinki: Otava Pub. Co., 1987 Finland
Daily life Luukkonen, Monika. Everyday life in Finland. グラフィック社, Tōkyō: Gurafikkusha, 2015 Finland
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