Queensland Convict Records: Difference between revisions

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===Queensland===
===Queensland===
*[http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,INDCONVICT,AND&tab=fhcombined&search_scope=FHCOMBINED&vid=SLQ&mode=advanced&offset=0 Convict transportation registers database] - Index, State Library of Queensland
*[http://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,INDCONVICT,AND&tab=fhcombined&search_scope=FHCOMBINED&vid=SLQ&mode=advanced&offset=0 Convict transportation registers database] - Index, State Library of Queensland
*'''1824-1839''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/queensland-convict-register-index-1824-1839 Queensland Convict Register Index 1824-1839] at Findmypast, index ($)
*'''1824-1839''' - [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/queensland-convict-register-index-1824-1839 Queensland Convict Register Index 1824-1839] at FindMyPast, index ($)
*'''1863-1936''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/queensland-st-helena-convict-index-1863-1936 Queensland, St Helena Convict Index 1863-1936] Index ($)
*'''1863-1936''' - [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/queensland-st-helena-convict-index-1863-1936 Queensland, St Helena Convict Index 1863-1936] Index ($)
*'''1864-1906''' {{RecordSearch|3233853|Australia, Queensland, Toowoomba, Prison Records Index, 1864-1906}} at FamilySearch - [[Australia, Queensland, Toowoomba, Prison Records Index - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
 
 
===Australia Records===
===Australia Records===
*'''1786-1849''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-ships-1786-1849 Australia Convict Ships 1786-1849] at Findmypast - index & images ($)  
*'''1786-1849''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-ships-1786-1849 Australia Convict Ships 1786-1849] at FindMyPast - index & images ($)  
*'''1787-1867''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/70852/ Web: Australia, Convict Records Index, 1787-1867] at Ancestry - index ($)
*'''1787-1867''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/70852/ Web: Australia, Convict Records Index, 1787-1867] at Ancestry - index ($)
*'''1787-1788''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1177 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – First Fleet, 1787-1788] at Ancestry,  Index ($)
*'''1788-1842''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1251 Australia List of Convicts with Particulars, 1788-1842] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1788-1842''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1251 Australia List of Convicts with Particulars, 1788-1842] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1788-1868''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=5517 Australia, Convict Index, 1788-1868] at Ancestry,  Index ($)
*'''1791-1867''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-conditional-and-absolute-pardons-1791-1867 Australia Convict Conditional and Absolute Pardons 1791-1867] at FindMyPast - index & images ($)  
*'''1789-1790''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1178 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Second Fleet, 1789-1790] at Ancestry,  Index ($)
*'''1791-1868''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1180 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868] at Ancestry,  Index ($)
*'''1791-1868''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1180 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868] at Ancestry, Index ($)
*'''1824-1874''' {{RecordSearch|3499251|Australia Convict Tickets Of Leave 1824-1874}}(*) at FamilySearch - [[Australia, Convict Tickets of Leave - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images; ''Also at: [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-tickets-of-leave-1824-1874 FindMyPast]($)''
*'''1791-1867''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-conditional-and-absolute-pardons-1791-1867 Australia Convict Conditional and Absolute Pardons 1791-1867] at Findmypast, Index ($)
*'''1829-1879''' - [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/8818/ New South Wales, Australia, Sheriff's Papers, 1829-1879] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1791''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1179 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Third Fleet, 1791] at Ancestry, Index ($)
*'''1791-1867''' [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-conditional-and-absolute-pardons-1791-1867 Australia Convict Conditional and Absolute Pardons 1791-1867] at Findmypast - index & images ($)  
*'''1791-1868''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1180 Australian Convict Transportation Registers – Other Fleets & Ships, 1791-1868] at Ancestry,  Index ($)
*'''1824-1874''' {{RecordSearch|3499251|Australia Convict Tickets Of Leave 1824-1874}}(*) at FamilySearch - [[Australia, Convict Tickets of Leave - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images; ''Also at: [http://search.findmypast.com/search-world-Records/australia-convict-tickets-of-leave-1824-1874 Findmypast]($)''
*'''1829-1879''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/8818/ New South Wales, Australia, Sheriff's Papers, 1829-1879] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1838-1912''' {{RecordSearch|2613137|Australia, South Australia, Prison Records, 1838-1912}} at FamilySearch - [[Australia, South Australia, Prison Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*'''1838-1912''' {{RecordSearch|2613137|Australia, South Australia, Prison Records, 1838-1912}} at FamilySearch - [[Australia, South Australia, Prison Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*[http://members.pcug.org.au/~pdownes/dps/1stflt.htm Australia's First Fleet]  
*[http://members.pcug.org.au/~pdownes/dps/1stflt.htm Australia's First Fleet]  
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*[http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ Proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674-1834] The punishment of transportation for a crime tried in London by the Old Bailey Court resulted in exile to Australia. The site can be search by several categories, including by name for the punishment resulting in transportation.
*[http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/ Proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674-1834] The punishment of transportation for a crime tried in London by the Old Bailey Court resulted in exile to Australia. The site can be search by several categories, including by name for the punishment resulting in transportation.


==Historical Background==
*In 1823, John Oxley, a British explorer, sailed north from what is now Sydney to scout possible penal colony sites in '''Gladstone (then Port Curtis)''' and '''Moreton Bay.'''
*At Moreton Bay, he found the Brisbane River.
*He returned in 1824 and established a penal settlement at what is now '''Redcliffe'''.
*The settlement, '''initially known as Edenglassie''', was then transferred to the current location of the '''Brisbane city centre'''.
*In 1839, transportation of convicts was ceased, culminating in the closure of the Brisbane penal settlement. <ref>"Queensland", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland#European_colonisation, accessed 28 March 2022.</ref>
===Redcliffe===
*In 1823, the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane, instructed that a '''new northern penal settlement''' be developed, and an exploration party led by John Oxley further explored the Moreton Bay area. Oxley recommended Red Cliff Point for the new colony, reporting that ships could land at any tide and easily get close to the shore.
*The settlement, along the banks of what is '''now called Humpybong Creek in Redcliffe town centre''', consisted of small, temporary dwellings with gardens and vegetables planted.
*However the lack of a reliable water supply, attacks by Aboriginal people, large mosquito numbers, and insufficient facilities for safe anchorage meant that the settlement needed to be moved after eight months.
*The settlement '''relocated to the banks of the Brisbane River at North Quay''', 28 kilometres (17.4 mi) south.
*Redcliffe was then abandoned, with just a small number of dwellings remaining. Local Aboriginal people called these empty buildings "oompie bongs", anglicised to mean, in reverse, 'dead house', and the name was given to the entire Redcliffe peninsula.<ref>"Redcliffe Peninsula", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe_Peninsula#History, accessed 28 March 2022.</ref>
===Brisbane Penal Colony===
*In 1825, the Redcliffe colony was moved south to a peninsula on the Brisbane River, site of the present central business district, called "Meen-jin" by its Turrbal inhabitants.
*At the end of 1825, the official population of Brisbane was "45 males and 2 females".
*Until 1859, when Queensland was separated from the state of New South Wales, the name '''Moreton Bay''' was used to describe the new settlement and surrounding areas.
*The colony was originally established as a "prison within a prison"—a settlement, deliberately distant from Sydney, to which '''recidivist convicts''' could be sent as punishment. It soon garnered a reputation, along with Norfolk Island, as '''one of the harshest penal settlements''' in all of New South Wales.
*Over twenty years, '''thousands of convicts passed through the penal colony.'''
*Hundreds of these '''fled the stern conditions and escaped into the bush'''. Although most escapes were unsuccessful or resulted in the escapees perishing in the bush, some succeeded in living as "wild white men" amongst the aboriginal people.
*As a penal colony, Brisbane did not permit the erection of private settlements nearby for many years. As the inflow of new convicts steadily declined, the population dropped. From the early 1830s the British government questioned the suitability of Brisbane as a penal colony.<ref>"History of Brisbane", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brisbane#1824_colony, accessed 28 March 2022.</ref>
== Types of Convict Records  ==
=== Tickets of Leave Butts  ===
*'''Tickets of leave''' were issued to convicts having served about half of their sentences with good behavior.
*These tickets '''allowed convicts to seek employment''' as they wished but '''limited their movement to a certain district''' for the remainder of their sentences.
*Prior to 1828, bench magistrates granted tickets of leave and approved applications for convicts to marry.
*The actual ticket of leave was issued to the convict; '''the government retained the ticket of leave butts'''.
*'''Ticket of leave butts listed the convict’s name, ship, and date of arrival, native place, trade or calling, date and place of trial and sentence, a physical description, and the district to which he or she was confined.'''
=== Certificates of Freedom  ===
*A '''certificate of freedom''' was a document stating that a '''convict's sentence had been served''' and was usually given to convicts with a 7, 10 or 14 year sentence or when they received a pardon.
*Convicts with a '''life sentence''' could receive a Pardon, but not a Certificate of Freedom.
*The Certificate of Freedom number was sometimes '''annotated on the indent or noted on a Ticket of Leave Butt.'''
*The government retained certificates of freedom butts, which were similar to ticket of leave butts.
=== Pardons  ===
*Both '''conditional and absolute pardons''' were generally '''granted to convicts with life sentences'''.
*'''Conditional pardons''' required that the ex-convict '''never return to the British Isles''' or his or her pardon would be void.
*'''Absolute pardons''' allowed an ex-convict to return to the British Isles if he or she wished.
*'''Pardon records''' contain information similar to tickets of leave: the convict’s name, ship, and date of arrival, native place, trade or calling, date and place of trial and sentence, a physical description, and the district to which he or she was confined.'''


=== Convict indents  ===
{{Place|Australia}}
*Convict indents were lists that were made when convicts arrived on transport ships.
*Information given in indents is similar to that in tickets of leave but also includes a convict’s marital status and number of children and whether the convict was literate.
==References==
<references/>
{{Place|Australia}}  
[[Category:Queensland, Australia]]
[[Category:Queensland, Australia]]

Revision as of 18:38, 20 March 2022

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