India History: Difference between revisions

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==Online Resources==
*[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/welcome.asp India Office] - catalogues of private papers, prints etc.
==History==
==History==
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 BC; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.  
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 BC; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.  


By the mid- to late 18th century, Britain's Honourable East India Company had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. The Honourable East India Company controlled virtually all trade with India and performed all the functions of government until the Government of India Act of 1858, when full control was assumed by Queen Victoria as Empress of India.
By the mid- to late 18th century, Britain's Honourable East India Company (HEIC or EIC) had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. (See "[[British Presence in India]]"). The HEIC controlled virtually all trade with India and performed all the functions of government until the Government of India Act of 1858, when full control was assumed by Queen Victoria as Empress of India.  
 
Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led to independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.  


A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]</ref>
Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.  


*[[Genealogical Records of Medieval India|Genealogical Records of Medieval India]]
A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.


For fuller treatment of the history of India from a British perspective, see Wikipedia. <br>


== Significant Events in the 19th & 20th Centuries ==
''You may be interested in listening to [https://www.familysearch.org/learningcenter/lesson/hidden-women-uncovering-the-veil-of-silence-during-the-partition-of-punjab-india-1947/296 "Hidden Women: Uncovering the Veil of Silence During the Partition of Punjab, India 1947" ]at the FamilySearch Learning Center.''
1846 - 1885 Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime during this time period<br>
1917 - Approximately one million Indians served in World War I<br>
1947 - Mountbatten Plan partitions the British Indian Empire into the states of India and Pakistan<br>
1950 - Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution which put in place a secular and democratic republic<br>
1971 - A third war between India and Pakistan results in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh


=== Ancient Empires ===
<br>
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
==Timeline==
! Years !! Event
<br><Br>
{| width="85%"
|-
|-
| 2500 -1600 BC || Indus Valley Culture
|  
| <center>'''ANCIENT EMPIRES'''</center>
|-
|-
| 1500 -500 BC || Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; The Vedic Age
| '''2500 -<br>1600 BC'''
| Indus Valley Culture
|-
|-
| 1000 BC || Settlement of Bengal by Davidian-speaking peoples
| '''1500 - <br>500 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; The Vedic Age
|-
|-
| 600 BC || Territorial states emerge: Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara
| '''1000 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| Settlement of Bengal by Davidian-speaking peoples<br>
|-
|-
| 500 BC || Most of northern India inhabited
| '''600 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| Territorial states emerge: Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
| 563 -483 BC || Life of Siddartha Gautama - the Buddha; founding of Buddhism
| '''500 BC<br>'''
|  
Most of northern India inhabited
 
|-
|-
| 320 BC −550 AD || Gupta Empire: Classical Age of a united India (confined mostly to the north)
| '''563 - <br>483 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| Life of Siddartha Gautama - the Buddha; founding of Buddhism<br>
|-
|-
| 326 BC || Alexander the Great's Indus Campaign, fusing several Indo-Greek elements
| '''320 BC <span>−</span><br>550 AD'''<br>
|  
Gupta Empire: Classical Age of a united India (confined mostly to the north)
 
|-
|-
| 326 -184 BC || Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (269-232 BC); spread of Buddhism: First Indian imperial power
| '''326 BC'''<br>
|  
Alexander the Great's Indus Campaign, fusing several Indo-Greek elements
 
|-
|-
| 180 BC -150 AD  || Shaka dynastics in Indus Valley
| '''326 - <br>184 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (269-232 BC); spread of Buddhism: First Indian imperial power<br>
|-
|-
| 100 BC −300 AD || Deccan Indian Kingdoms: Power decentralized in the hands of local chieftains
| '''180 BC -<br>150 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Shaka dynastics in Indus Valley<br>
|-
|-
| 606 -47  || North Indian empire of Harsha
| '''100 BC <span>−</span>300 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
|  
Deccan Indian Kingdoms: Power decentralized in the hands of local chieftains
 
|-
|-
| 711  || Arab invaders conquer Sindh, establish Islamic presence in India
| '''606 - <br>47 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| North Indian empire of Harsha<br>
|-
|-
| 750 -1150  || Pala Dynasty
| '''711 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Arab invaders conquer Sindh, establish Islamic presence in India&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
| 1150 -1202 || Sena Dynasty
| '''750 -<br>1150 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
|}
| Pala Dynasty<br>
 
=== Growth of Islam ===
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| 997 -1027 || Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan
| '''1150 -<br>1202 AD<br>'''
| Sena Dynasty<br>
|-
|-
| 1202 || Turkish conquerors defeat Sena Dynasty and overrun Bengal
|  
| <center>&nbsp;'''GROWTH OF ISLAM'''</center>
|-
|-
| 1206 -1398 || Delhi Sultanate
| '''997 -<br>1027'''&nbsp;'''AD'''<br>
| Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan<br>
|-
|-
| 1336 −1527 || Southern Dynasties in India establish rule
| '''1202 AD'''
|  
Turkish conquerors defeat Sena Dynasty and overrun Bengal
 
|-
|-
| 1398 || Timur sacks Delhi
| '''1206 -<br>1398 AD<br>'''
|  
Delhi Sultanate
 
|-
|-
| 1414 -1450 || Sayyid Dynasty; renewal of Delhi Sultanate
| '''1336 <span>−</span><br>1527 AD'''<br>
|
Southern Dynasties in India establish rule
 
|-
| '''1398 AD<br>'''
|  
Timur sacks Delhi  
 
|-
|-
| 1451 -1526 || Lodi Dynasty
| '''1414 -<br>1450 AD'''
|}
|  
=== The Mughal Period ===
Sayyid Dynasty; renewal of Delhi Sultanate
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
 
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| 1526 || Babur lays foundation of Mughal Empire; wins First Battle of Panipat
| '''1451 - <br>1526 AD<br>'''
|  
Lodi Dynasty
 
|-
|-
| 1556 -1605  || Akbar expands and reforms the empire; Mughals win Second Battle of Panipat
|  
| <center>'''THE MUGHAL PERIOD'''</center>
|-
|-
| 1600 || East India Company granted British Crown charter with exclusive rights to India
| '''1526 AD'''
| Babur lays foundation of Mughal Empire; wins First Battle of Panipat
|-
|-
| 1605 -1627  || Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory)
| '''1556 -<br>1605 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Akbar expands and reforms the empire; Mughals win Second Battle of Panipat<br>
|-
|-
| 1619 || English East India Company establishes outpost at Surat on the northwestern coast
| '''1600 AD'''
| East India Company granted British Crown charter with exclusive rights to India
|-
|-
| 1628 -1658  || Reign of Shah Jahan
| '''1605 -<br>1627 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory)<br>
|-
|-
| 1658 -1707 || Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler
| '''1619 AD'''<br>
|  
English East India Company establishes outpost at Surat on the northwestern coast
 
|-
|-
| 1707 -1858  || Lesser emperors; decline of the Mughal Empire
| '''1628 -<br>1658 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Reign of Shah Jahan&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
|}
|  
'''1658 -<br>1707&nbsp;AD'''


=== British Period ===
| Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler
*[https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/british-conquest-of-india-1753-to-1890/ Map British Conquest of India 1753 to 1890] at Princeton University
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| 1757 || Battle of Plassey - British victory of Mughal forces in Bengal; British rule in India begins
| '''1707 -<br>1858 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Lesser emperors; decline of the Mughal Empire&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
| 1835  || Institution of British education and other reform measures
|  
| <center>'''BRITISH PERIOD'''</center>
|-
|-
| 1857-1858  || Revolt of Indian sepoys (soldiers) against East India Company
| '''1757&nbsp;AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Battle of Plassey - British victory of Mughal forces in Bengal; British rule in India begins<br>
|-
|-
| 1858 || East India Company abolished and Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India (the British Raj); begins with Government of India Act; formal end of Mughal Empire
| '''1835 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Institution of British educaiton and other reform measures<br>
|-
|-
| 1869 || The creation of the Suez canal radically reduces journey time from India
| '''1857 -<br>1858 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Revolt of Indian sepoys (soldiers) agains East India Company<br>
|-
|-
| 1885 || Indian National Congress formed
| '''1858 AD'''<br>
|  
East India Company abolished and Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India (the British Raj); begins with Government of India Act; formal end of Mughal Empire
 
|-
|-
| 1892 || Dadabhai Naoroji first Indian to win a Parliamentary seat in England
| '''1869 AD'''<br>
|  
The creation of the Suez canal radically reduces journey time from India
 
|-
|-
| 1897 || Ayah's Home established in Aldgate, London
| '''1885 AD'''<br>
| Indian National Congress formed<br>
|-
|-
| 1916  || Congress-League Scheme of Reforms (Lucknow Pact) signed
| '''1892 AD'''<br>
|  
Dadabhai Naoroji first Indian to win a Parliamentary seat in England
 
|-
|-
| 1935  || Government of India Act of 1935
| '''1897 AD'''<br>
|}
|  
Ayah's Home established in Aldgate, London


=== Independent India ===
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| 1947 || Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam;<BR>Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister of India. Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal and territory in the northwest.
| '''1916 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Congress-League Scheme of Reforms (Lucknow Pact) signed<br>
|-
| '''1935 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| Government of India Act of 1935&nbsp;<br>
|-
|
| <center>'''INDEPENDENT INDIA'''</center>
|-
|-
| 1962 || Commonwealth Immigrants Act limits the migration of South Asians to England
| '''15&nbsp;August<br>1947 AD'''
| Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and&nbsp;Assam;Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister of India. Pakistan&nbsp;is created and incorporates East Bengal and territory in the northwest.<br>
|-
|-
| 1968 || "Rivers of Blood" Speech: Enoch Powell calls for forced return of immigrants settled in England
| '''1962 AD'''<br>
|
Commonwealth Immigrants Act limits the migration of South Asians to England
 
|-
| '''1968 AD'''<br>
|  
"Rivers of Blood" Speech: Enoch Powell calls for forced return of immigrants settled in england
 
|}
|}


Line 160: Line 214:
*[http://www.ancient.eu/india/ Ancient India: Ancient History Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.ancient.eu/india/ Ancient India: Ancient History Encyclopedia]


==References==
 
<references/>
[[Category:India]] [[Category:History]]
[[Category:India]] [[Category:Histories]]

Revision as of 15:55, 1 October 2018

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Agra, India.jpg

History[edit | edit source]

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 BC; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.

By the mid- to late 18th century, Britain's Honourable East India Company (HEIC or EIC) had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. (See "British Presence in India"). The HEIC controlled virtually all trade with India and performed all the functions of government until the Government of India Act of 1858, when full control was assumed by Queen Victoria as Empress of India.

Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.

A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.

For fuller treatment of the history of India from a British perspective, see Wikipedia.

You may be interested in listening to "Hidden Women: Uncovering the Veil of Silence During the Partition of Punjab, India 1947" at the FamilySearch Learning Center.


Timeline[edit | edit source]



ANCIENT EMPIRES
2500 -
1600 BC 		Indus Valley Culture
1500 -
500 BC 
 Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; The Vedic Age
1000 BC 
 Settlement of Bengal by Davidian-speaking peoples
600 BC 
 Territorial states emerge: Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara 
500 BC

Most of northern India inhabited

563 -
483 BC 
 Life of Siddartha Gautama - the Buddha; founding of Buddhism
320 BC −
550 AD

Gupta Empire: Classical Age of a united India (confined mostly to the north)

326 BC

Alexander the Great's Indus Campaign, fusing several Indo-Greek elements

326 -
184 BC 
 Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (269-232 BC); spread of Buddhism: First Indian imperial power
180 BC -
150 AD 
 Shaka dynastics in Indus Valley
100 BC −300 AD 

Deccan Indian Kingdoms: Power decentralized in the hands of local chieftains

606 -
47 AD 
 North Indian empire of Harsha
711 AD 
 Arab invaders conquer Sindh, establish Islamic presence in India 
750 -
1150 AD 
 Pala Dynasty
1150 -
1202 AD
 		Sena Dynasty
 GROWTH OF ISLAM
997 -
1027 AD
 Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan
1202 AD

Turkish conquerors defeat Sena Dynasty and overrun Bengal

1206 -
1398 AD

Delhi Sultanate

1336 −
1527 AD

Southern Dynasties in India establish rule

1398 AD

Timur sacks Delhi

1414 -
1450 AD

Sayyid Dynasty; renewal of Delhi Sultanate

1451 -
1526 AD

Lodi Dynasty

THE MUGHAL PERIOD
1526 AD Babur lays foundation of Mughal Empire; wins First Battle of Panipat
1556 -
1605 AD 
 Akbar expands and reforms the empire; Mughals win Second Battle of Panipat
1600 AD East India Company granted British Crown charter with exclusive rights to India
1605 -
1627 AD 
 Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory)
1619 AD

English East India Company establishes outpost at Surat on the northwestern coast

1628 -
1658 AD 
 Reign of Shah Jahan 

1658 -
1707 AD

Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler
1707 -
1858 AD 
 Lesser emperors; decline of the Mughal Empire 
BRITISH PERIOD
1757 AD 
 Battle of Plassey - British victory of Mughal forces in Bengal; British rule in India begins
1835 AD 
 Institution of British educaiton and other reform measures
1857 -
1858 AD 
 Revolt of Indian sepoys (soldiers) agains East India Company
1858 AD

East India Company abolished and Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India (the British Raj); begins with Government of India Act; formal end of Mughal Empire

1869 AD

The creation of the Suez canal radically reduces journey time from India

1885 AD
 Indian National Congress formed
1892 AD

Dadabhai Naoroji first Indian to win a Parliamentary seat in England

1897 AD

Ayah's Home established in Aldgate, London

1916 AD 
 Congress-League Scheme of Reforms (Lucknow Pact) signed
1935 AD 
 Government of India Act of 1935 
INDEPENDENT INDIA
15 August
1947 AD 		Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam;Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister of India. Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal and territory in the northwest.
1962 AD

Commonwealth Immigrants Act limits the migration of South Asians to England

1968 AD

"Rivers of Blood" Speech: Enoch Powell calls for forced return of immigrants settled in england

Internet Research Links[edit | edit source]

Use the FamilySearch Learning Center to find online genealogy classes.

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