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| {{CountrySidebar | | {{Syria-sidebar}}{{breadcrumb |
| |Country=Syria
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| |Name=Syria
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| |Topic Type=Background
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| |Background=Languages
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| |Rating=Standardized
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| | link1=[[Syria Genealogy|Syria]] | | | link1=[[Syria Genealogy|Syria]] |
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| ==Description== | | ===Kurdish Online Resources=== |
| The official language of Syria is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic '''Arabic'''] and is the most widely spoken language in the country. Several modern Arabic dialects are used in everyday life, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic '''Levantine''' or '''Shami'''] in the west and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic '''Mesopotamian'''] in the northeast. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref>
| | *[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/kurdish Kurdish language overview] |
| | | *[http://www.lexilogos.com/english/kurdish_dictionary.htm Kurdish language resources] |
| The following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers. None of these languages has official status: <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref>
| | *[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/kurdish.pdf Kurdish Romanization Table] |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages '''Kurdish'''] - The second most spoken language in Syria
| | *[http://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/kurdish_conversion.htm Kurdish Romanization Converter] |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language '''Turkish'''] - The third most spoken language
| | *[http://learn101.org/kurdish_grammar.php Kurdish grammar and basics] |
| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages '''Neo-Aramaic''']
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| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_languages '''Circassian''']
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| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language '''Chechen]
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| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language '''Armenian''']
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| * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language '''Greek''']
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| '''English''' and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language '''French'''] are spoken by Syrian citizens in urban centers and the educated. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria#Foreign_languages, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref>
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| ==Word List(s)== | |
| '''Modern Standard Arabic'''
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| *[[Arabic Genealogical Word List|Arabic Genealogical Word List]] | |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic#:~:text=Common%20phrases Common phrases (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/arabic.php#:~:text=Useful%20Arabic%20phrases Useful Arabic phrases (Omniglot)]
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| *[https://www.arabicpod101.com/blog/2018/02/03/top-100-basic-arabic-phrases-and-expressions/ Basic Arabic Phrases and Expressions (ArabicPod101)]
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| '''Kurmanji Kurdish'''
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/kurdish-kurmanji.php Useful Kurmanji Kurdish phrases (Omniglot)]
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| *[https://1000mostcommonwords.com/1000-most-common-kurdish-words/ 1000 Most Common Kurdish Words (1000mostcommonwords)]
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| '''Turkish'''
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| *[[Turkish Genealogical Word List|Turkish Genealogical Word List]]
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/turkish.php Turkish phrases (Omniglot)]
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| ==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
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| '''Modern Standard Arabic'''
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology Arabic Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology Modern Standard Arabic Alphabet (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar Arabic grammar (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm Arabic Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
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| *[https://forvo.com/languages/ar/ Arabic Pronunciation Dictionary (Forvo)]
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| '''Kurmanji Kurdish'''
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_phonology Kurdish phonology (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_grammar Kurdish grammar (Wikipedia)] | |
| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets Kurdish alphabets (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm Kurdish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |
| *[http://learn101.org/kurdish_grammar.php Kurdish Grammar (Learn101)] | |
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| '''Turkish'''
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_phonology Turkish phonology (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet Turkish alphabet (Wikipedia)]
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm Turkish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)]
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| ==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
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| '''Modern Standard Arabic'''
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| *[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_dictionary.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20dictionary Arabic dictionary (Lexilogos)]
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| *[https://en.glosbe.com/en/ar English to Arabic Dictionary (Glosbe)]
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| *[https://www.duolingo.com/course/ar/en/Learn-Arabic Learn Arabic (duolingo)]
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| '''Kurmanji Kurdish'''
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| *[[Kurdish Naming Customs|Kurdish Naming Customs]]
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| *[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/kurdish_dictionary.htm Kurdish dictionary (Lexilogos)]
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| *[https://en.glosbe.com/en/ku English to Kurdish Kurmanji Dictionary (Glosbe)]
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| *[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/kurdish/ Kurdish (mustgo)]
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| * Ekici, Deniz. ''Beginning Kurmanji Kurdish.'' Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/643385298 WorldCat].
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| * Omarkhali, Khanna. ''Kurdish reader.'' n.p.: Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/759907455 WorldCat].
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| '''Turkish'''
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| *[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/turkish_dictionary.htm Turkish dictionary (Lexilogos)]
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| *[https://en.glosbe.com/en/tr English to Turkish Dictionary (Glosbe)]
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| *[https://www.duolingo.com/course/tr/en/Learn-Turkish Learn Turkish (duolingo)]
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| * Guise, John. ''The Turkish language explained for English speakers : a treatise on the Turkish language and its grammar for English speakers.'' Kawerau, New Zealand: John Guise, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/929879746 WorldCat].
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| '''Arabic '''
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| *معجم انساب قبائل الجزيرة العربية. ماجد ناصر الزبيدي. بيروت لبنان: الفرات, ٢٠١٠
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| *معجم قبائل العرب القديمة والحديثة. عمر رضا كحالة. دمشق سوريا: مؤسسة الرسالة ناشرون, ٢٠١١
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| '''German'''
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| *''Register zu den Genealogischen Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien: Mit Historischen und Geographischen Bemerkungen.'' By Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. London: Reprint: Forgotten Books.
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| ==Additional Resources==
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| *[https://www.britannica.com/place/Syria Syria (Britannica)]
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| ==References==
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| [[Category:Syria]] | | [[Category:Syria]] |
