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Mass immigration began in the 1830s with Cincinnati's boom in the meatpacking and shipping industries and brought political refugees after the 1848 Revolution in the German states. Between 1840 and 1850, the German population increased almost tenfold, and in 1860, 30% of Cincinnati’s population was of German stock. | Mass immigration began in the 1830s with Cincinnati's boom in the meatpacking and shipping industries and brought political refugees after the 1848 Revolution in the German states. Between 1840 and 1850, the German population increased almost tenfold, and in 1860, 30% of Cincinnati’s population was of German stock. | ||
The biggest wave of German immigration to Cincinnati occurred in the 1880s. In 1890, 57% of the total population of nearly 300,000 was either born in Germany or had German parents.<ref name="Ethnic Community">Don Heinrich Tolzmann, Survival of an Ethnic Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1918 through 1932 (Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1983), 44, 47, 49, republished in Don Heinrich Tolzmann, Cincinnati’s German Heritage (Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1994).</ref> | The biggest wave of German immigration to Cincinnati occurred in the 1880s. In 1890, 57% of the total population of nearly 300,000 was either born in Germany or had German parents.<ref name="Ethnic Community">Don Heinrich Tolzmann, ''Survival of an Ethnic Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1918 through 1932'' (Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 1983), 44, 47, 49, republished in Don Heinrich Tolzmann, Cincinnati’s German Heritage (Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1994).</ref> | ||
People in Cincinnati at the beginning of the 20th century had a two in five chance of meeting someone who could speak to them in German. There were three German morning newspapers and one evening paper. German was taught in all 47 schools. Seventy churches held services completely or partly in German. In 1915 there were 110 German societies with affiliations including mutual aid, athletics, trade unions, sharpshooters, music, culture and charity.<ref>Guido Dobbert, The Disintegration of an Immigrant Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1870-1920 (New York: Arno Press, 1980), 7, 10, 13, 16.</ref> | People in Cincinnati at the beginning of the 20th century had a two in five chance of meeting someone who could speak to them in German. There were three German morning newspapers and one evening paper. German was taught in all 47 schools. Seventy churches held services completely or partly in German. In 1915 there were 110 German societies with affiliations including mutual aid, athletics, trade unions, sharpshooters, music, culture and charity.<ref>Guido Dobbert, The Disintegration of an Immigrant Community: The Cincinnati Germans, 1870-1920 (New York: Arno Press, 1980), 7, 10, 13, 16.</ref> | ||
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*Two articles in the Hamilton County Genealogical Society’s ''Tracer'' 26:2 explain the strong connection between the Osnabrück region and Hamilton County: Jim Dempsey, “Osnabrücker Land” and Udo Thörner, “Venne, Osnabrücker Land - Emigration History” | *Two articles in the Hamilton County Genealogical Society’s ''Tracer'' 26:2 explain the strong connection between the Osnabrück region and Hamilton County: Jim Dempsey, “Osnabrücker Land” and Udo Thörner, “Venne, Osnabrücker Land - Emigration History” | ||
The 1870 census, which most often records the German state of birth, shows the origins of the 49,442 Germans in Cincinnati as shown below. 5,831 Germans lived in Hamilton County outside Cincinnati in 1870.<ref>Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Office, 1872), 339, 368, 388.</ref> <br> | The 1870 census, which most often records the German state of birth, shows the origins of the 49,442 Germans in Cincinnati as shown below. 5,831 Germans lived in Hamilton County outside Cincinnati in 1870.<ref>Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Office, 1872), 339, 368, 388.</ref> <br> | ||
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| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''German state of origin''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Number''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Percentage''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Preussen (Prussia) | | Preussen (Prussia) | ||
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Compared to all Germans in the U.S., in Cincinnati in 1870 there were seven times as many Oldenburgers, two and half times as many Hannoverians, one and a half times as many Bavarians, and the same proportion of Badenese. On the other hand, there were half as many Brunswickers, Hessians, and Saxons in Cincinnati compared to the rest of the U.S., and even fewer people from Nassau and Mecklenburg. Most of the Hannoverians and Oldenburgers in Ohio lived in Cincinnati.<ref>Walter Kamphoefner, The Westphalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), 84-85.</ref> | Compared to all Germans in the U.S., in Cincinnati in 1870 there were seven times as many Oldenburgers, two and half times as many Hannoverians, one and a half times as many Bavarians, and the same proportion of Badenese. On the other hand, there were half as many Brunswickers, Hessians, and Saxons in Cincinnati compared to the rest of the U.S., and even fewer people from Nassau and Mecklenburg. Most of the Hannoverians and Oldenburgers in Ohio lived in Cincinnati.<ref>Walter Kamphoefner, The Westphalians: From Germany to Missouri (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987), 84-85.</ref> | ||
A search of “Germans to America Passenger Data File, 1850-1897” results in entries for 10,218 people coming to Cincinnati whose passenger records specified origins other than Germany and the U.S.<ref>Found through a fielded search for Cincinnati in this data file in the | A search of “Germans to America Passenger Data File, 1850-1897” results in entries for 10,218 people coming to Cincinnati whose passenger records specified origins other than Germany and the U.S.<ref>Found through a fielded search for Cincinnati in this data file in the [http://aad.archives.gov/aad/series-list.jsp?cat=GP44 National Archives’ Access to Archival Databases].</ref> | ||
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| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''German state of origin''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Number''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Percentage''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Prussia (not specified) | | Prussia (not specified) | ||
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These percentages aren’t precise. Many ship lists did not record the origins or destinations of passengers, and it’s likely that many people from Westfalen and other states reported Prussia as their state of origin. Only 67 passengers coming to Cincinnati are listed with Westfalen (part of Prussia after 1815) as their state of origin in this database, although many more Westphalians came to Cincinnati. At any rate, this list points out the prevalence (67%) of north German states in the origins of over 10,000 passengers coming to Cincinnati between 1850 and 1897. | These percentages aren’t precise. Many ship lists did not record the origins or destinations of passengers, and it’s likely that many people from Westfalen and other states reported Prussia as their state of origin. Only 67 passengers coming to Cincinnati are listed with Westfalen (part of Prussia after 1815) as their state of origin in this database, although many more Westphalians came to Cincinnati. At any rate, this list points out the prevalence (67%) of north German states in the origins of over 10,000 passengers coming to Cincinnati between 1850 and 1897. | ||
At least thirteen regional assistance societies were established in Cincinnati by 1915. These societies and their dates of founding include Baden (1872), Rheinpfalz (1874), Bayern (1875), Schwaben (1875), Schleswig-Holstein (1880), North Germany (1884), Sachsen (1887), Germany-Hungary (1910), Rheinland and Westfalen (1891), Germany-Austria (1891), Hessen (1897), Oldenburg (1898), Siebenbürger Sachsen (1907).<ref>August Gorbach, Deutscher Vereins-Wegweiser von Cincinnati, Ohio (Cincinnati: S. Rosenthal &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Co., 1915).</ref> | At least thirteen regional assistance societies were established in Cincinnati by 1915. These societies and their dates of founding include Baden (1872), Rheinpfalz (1874), Bayern (1875), Schwaben (1875), Schleswig-Holstein (1880), North Germany (1884), Sachsen (1887), Germany-Hungary (1910), Rheinland and Westfalen (1891), Germany-Austria (1891), Hessen (1897), Oldenburg (1898), Siebenbürger Sachsen (1907).<ref>August Gorbach, Deutscher Vereins-Wegweiser von Cincinnati, Ohio (Cincinnati: S. Rosenthal &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Co., 1915).</ref> | ||
In the 1950s many Germans arrived in Hamilton County, including Donauschwaben (Danube Swabians) and others from the ethnic German areas of southeastern Europe. | In the 1950s many Germans arrived in Hamilton County, including Donauschwaben (Danube Swabians) and others from the ethnic German areas of southeastern Europe. | ||
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In 1850, eight Hamilton County townships had the highest numbers of Germans outside Cincinnati: | In 1850, eight Hamilton County townships had the highest numbers of Germans outside Cincinnati: | ||
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| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Township''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Location''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Number''' | ||
| style="background: rgb(240,240,240) | | align="center" style="background: rgb(240,240,240)" | '''Percentage''' | ||
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| Mill Creek* | | Mill Creek* | ||
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*''Protestantische Zeitblätter,'' 1849-1879, United Lutheran and Reformed Congregation newspaper. 1853-1865 issues are in CHLA, PLCH, and ARB, which has [http://www.libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb/ger_americana/germaninventories/articles_from_protestantische_zeitbl%E4tter.pdf an article subject index] (not every-name), 1853-1864. | *''Protestantische Zeitblätter,'' 1849-1879, United Lutheran and Reformed Congregation newspaper. 1853-1865 issues are in CHLA, PLCH, and ARB, which has [http://www.libraries.uc.edu/libraries/arb/ger_americana/germaninventories/articles_from_protestantische_zeitbl%E4tter.pdf an article subject index] (not every-name), 1853-1864. | ||
*''Wahrheitsfreund,'' 1837-1907, first German Catholic newspaper in the U.S., PLCH and ARB. | *''Wahrheitsfreund,'' 1837-1907, first German Catholic newspaper in the U.S., PLCH and ARB. | ||
*Overton, Julie. ''The Ministers and Churches of the Central German Conference (Methodist), 1835-1907.'' Thomson, Illinois: Heritage House, 1975. This book has abstracts of long obituaries, most with birthplaces, for ministers in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. <span style="display: none | *Overton, Julie. ''The Ministers and Churches of the Central German Conference (Methodist), 1835-1907.'' Thomson, Illinois: Heritage House, 1975. This book has abstracts of long obituaries, most with birthplaces, for ministers in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. <span id="1336097615042E" style="display: none"> </span> | ||
== German society records == | == German society records == | ||
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