0
edits
Texas Indigenous Tribes: Difference between revisions
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
The following listing of the [[ | The following listing of the [[Indians of Texas|Indian Tribes of Texas]] is an exact quote from John R. Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. | ||
'''Akokisa.''' The name Akokisa, spelled in various ways, was given by the Spaniards to those Atakapa living in southeastern Texas, between Trinity Bay and Trinity River and Sabine River. (See Atakapa under Louisiana.) | '''Akokisa.''' The name Akokisa, spelled in various ways, was given by the Spaniards to those Atakapa living in southeastern Texas, between Trinity Bay and Trinity River and Sabine River. (See Atakapa under Louisiana.) | ||
| Line 11: | Line 11: | ||
'''Aranama.''' The Aranama were associated sometimes with the Karankawa in the Franciscan missions but were said to be distinct from them. Although a small tribe during all of their known history, they held together until comparatively recent times, and Morse (1822) gives them a population of 125. While their affiliations are not certainly known, they were undoubtedly with one of the three stocks, Karankawan, Tonkawan, or Coahuiltecan, probably the last mentioned, and will be enumerated provisionally with them. (See Coahuiltecan Tribes.) | '''Aranama.''' The Aranama were associated sometimes with the Karankawa in the Franciscan missions but were said to be distinct from them. Although a small tribe during all of their known history, they held together until comparatively recent times, and Morse (1822) gives them a population of 125. While their affiliations are not certainly known, they were undoubtedly with one of the three stocks, Karankawan, Tonkawan, or Coahuiltecan, probably the last mentioned, and will be enumerated provisionally with them. (See Coahuiltecan Tribes.) | ||
'''Atakapa.'''See Akokisa above and under Louisiana.<br><br>'''Bidai.'''Perhaps from a Caddo word signifying "brushwood," and having reference to the Big Thicket near the lower Trinity River about which they lived. Also called: <br> | '''Atakapa.'''See Akokisa above and under Louisiana.<br><br>'''Bidai.'''Perhaps from a Caddo word signifying "brushwood," and having reference to the Big Thicket near the lower Trinity River about which they lived. Also called: <br> | ||
*Quasmigdo, given as their own name by Ker (1816). <br> | *Quasmigdo, given as their own name by Ker (1816). <br> | ||
*Spring Creeks, the name given by Foote (1841). <br> | *Spring Creeks, the name given by Foote (1841). <br> | ||
''Connections:'' From the mission records it appears that the Bidai were of the Atakapan linguistic stock. <br> | ''Connections:'' From the mission records it appears that the Bidai were of the Atakapan linguistic stock. <br> | ||
''Location:''On the middle course of Trinity River about Bidai Creek and to the westward and southwestward. | ''Location:''On the middle course of Trinity River about Bidai Creek and to the westward and southwestward. | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
'''Biloxi.'''Some Biloxi entered Texas before 1828. In 1846 a band was camped on Little River, a tributary of the Brazos. Afterward they occupied a village on Biloxi Bayou in the present Angelina County, but later either returned to Louisiana or passed north to the present Oklahoma. (See Mississippi.) | '''Biloxi.'''Some Biloxi entered Texas before 1828. In 1846 a band was camped on Little River, a tributary of the Brazos. Afterward they occupied a village on Biloxi Bayou in the present Angelina County, but later either returned to Louisiana or passed north to the present Oklahoma. (See Mississippi.) | ||
'''Caddo Tribes.'''Under this head are included the Adai and the Natchitoches Confederacy (see Louisiana); and the Eyeish, the Hasinai Confederacy, and the Kadohadacho Confederacy in Texas. Primarily East Texas farmers.<br> | '''Caddo Tribes.'''Under this head are included the Adai and the Natchitoches Confederacy (see Louisiana); and the Eyeish, the Hasinai Confederacy, and the Kadohadacho Confederacy in Texas. Primarily East Texas farmers.<br> | ||
'''Cherokee.'''A band of Cherokee under a chief named Bowl settled in Texas early in the nineteenth century, but they were driven out by the Texans in 1839 and their chief killed. (See Tennessee.) | '''Cherokee.'''A band of Cherokee under a chief named Bowl settled in Texas early in the nineteenth century, but they were driven out by the Texans in 1839 and their chief killed. (See Tennessee.) | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
'''Creeks.''' See Muskogee, under Alabama. | '''Creeks.''' See Muskogee, under Alabama. | ||
'''Deadose.''' An Atakapa tribe or subtribe in south central Texas. (See Louisiana.)<br> | '''Deadose.''' An Atakapa tribe or subtribe in south central Texas. (See Louisiana.)<br> | ||
Eyeish, or Haish. Meaning unknown. Also called: <br> | Eyeish, or Haish. Meaning unknown. Also called: <br> | ||
*Aays | *Aays | ||
*Aix <br> | *Aix <br> | ||
*Aliche <br> | *Aliche <br> | ||
*Yayecha, etc. | *Yayecha, etc. | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
*Guasco, position unknown. | *Guasco, position unknown. | ||
*Hainai, 3 leagues west of Nacogdoches. | *Hainai, 3 leagues west of Nacogdoches. | ||
*Nabedache, 3 to 4 leagues west of Neches River and near Arroyo San Pedro, at a site close to the old San Antonio road, which became known as San Pedro. <br> | *Nabedache, 3 to 4 leagues west of Neches River and near Arroyo San Pedro, at a site close to the old San Antonio road, which became known as San Pedro. <br> | ||
*Nacachau, just north of the Neches tribe and on the east side of Neches River. <br> | *Nacachau, just north of the Neches tribe and on the east side of Neches River. <br> | ||
*Nacanish, north of the Hainai. | *Nacanish, north of the Hainai. | ||
*Nacao, probably part of the Nacanish. | *Nacao, probably part of the Nacanish. | ||
*Nacogdoche, at the present Nacogdoches. | *Nacogdoche, at the present Nacogdoches. | ||
*Nacono, southeast of the Neches and Nabedache and 5 leagues from the former. <br> | *Nacono, southeast of the Neches and Nabedache and 5 leagues from the former. <br> | ||
*Namidish or Nabiti, on Angelina River north of the Hainai. <br> | *Namidish or Nabiti, on Angelina River north of the Hainai. <br> | ||
*Nasoni, two towns: <br>(1) about 27 miles north of Nacogdoches near the Anadarko; <br>(2) in the Kadohadacho Confederacy. <br> | *Nasoni, two towns: <br>(1) about 27 miles north of Nacogdoches near the Anadarko; <br>(2) in the Kadohadacho Confederacy. <br> | ||
*Nechaui, southeast of the Nabedache, half a league from the Nacono, and 5 leagues from the crossing of the Neches at the Neches village. <br> | *Nechaui, southeast of the Nabedache, half a league from the Nacono, and 5 leagues from the crossing of the Neches at the Neches village. <br> | ||
*Neches, the main village 1 league or more east of Neches River, nearly west of the present Nacogdoches and near the mounds southwest of Alto, Cherokee County. <br> | *Neches, the main village 1 league or more east of Neches River, nearly west of the present Nacogdoches and near the mounds southwest of Alto, Cherokee County. <br> | ||
| Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
'''Kadohadacho Confederacy.''' The word Kadohadacho signifies in the native language "real chiefs," kadi being the word for "chief," and it is from an abbreviation of this term that we get the word Caddo. They were also called: | '''Kadohadacho Confederacy.''' The word Kadohadacho signifies in the native language "real chiefs," kadi being the word for "chief," and it is from an abbreviation of this term that we get the word Caddo. They were also called: | ||
*At'-ta-wits, by the Comanche, according to Ten Kate (1907). <br> | *At'-ta-wits, by the Comanche, according to Ten Kate (1907). <br> | ||
*Dä'sha-i, or Táshash, by the Wichita. | *Dä'sha-i, or Táshash, by the Wichita. | ||
*Érawika, by the Pawnee. | *Érawika, by the Pawnee. | ||
| Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
*Kalu-χnádshu or Kasseye'i, by the Tonkawa. | *Kalu-χnádshu or Kasseye'i, by the Tonkawa. | ||
*Kul-hül-atsǐ, by the Creeks. | *Kul-hül-atsǐ, by the Creeks. | ||
*Ma'-seip'-kia, by the Kiowa, signifying "pierced noses." <br> | *Ma'-seip'-kia, by the Kiowa, signifying "pierced noses." <br> | ||
*Ni'rǐs-häri's-kǐ'riki, another Wichita name. | *Ni'rǐs-häri's-kǐ'riki, another Wichita name. | ||
*Otä's-itä'niuw', Cheyenne name, signifying "pierced nose people" (or Utásĕta). | *Otä's-itä'niuw', Cheyenne name, signifying "pierced nose people" (or Utásĕta). | ||
*Su'-d¢ĕ, by the Quapaw. | *Su'-d¢ĕ, by the Quapaw. | ||
*Tani'bänĕn, by the Arapaho, signifying "pierced nose people." <br> | *Tani'bänĕn, by the Arapaho, signifying "pierced nose people." <br> | ||
*Witúne, by the Comanche. | *Witúne, by the Comanche. | ||
| Line 115: | Line 115: | ||
''Location:''The Kadohadacho lived in northeastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas at the Great Bend of Red River, though they are usually associated with the region around Caddo Lake which they occupied at a later period. (See also Arkansas and Louisiana.) | ''Location:''The Kadohadacho lived in northeastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas at the Great Bend of Red River, though they are usually associated with the region around Caddo Lake which they occupied at a later period. (See also Arkansas and Louisiana.) | ||
''History:'' In October 1541, De Soto and his army entered a province called Tula believed to be the country of the Indians later known as Cahinnio, a tribe for whose bravery the Spaniards came to have a wholesome respect. The next encounter between these people and white men was in the summer of 1687 when, after the murder of the Sieur de la Sa1le,`six survivors of his expedition, including Joutel and Father Anastasius Donay, passed through the Kadohadacho towns on their way to the Mississippi, visiting the Nasoni, Kadohadacho, and Cahinnio. Tonti visited them also 4 years later. In November and December 1691, Domingo Teran (Castaneda, 1936) spent a miserable week in this country exploring it and taking soundings of Red River, and we owe to him the first map of the region. In 1700 Bienville undertook to reach them but got no farther than the Yatasi village halfway between the Natchitoches and Kadohadacho. In 1719 the French officer Bernard de la Harpe (1831) spent some time among them and established a trading post which endured for a considerable period. French traders quickly monopolized the Kadohadacho trade, the principal trading point being Natchitoches, but no missions were established. <br> | ''History:'' In October 1541, De Soto and his army entered a province called Tula believed to be the country of the Indians later known as Cahinnio, a tribe for whose bravery the Spaniards came to have a wholesome respect. The next encounter between these people and white men was in the summer of 1687 when, after the murder of the Sieur de la Sa1le,`six survivors of his expedition, including Joutel and Father Anastasius Donay, passed through the Kadohadacho towns on their way to the Mississippi, visiting the Nasoni, Kadohadacho, and Cahinnio. Tonti visited them also 4 years later. In November and December 1691, Domingo Teran (Castaneda, 1936) spent a miserable week in this country exploring it and taking soundings of Red River, and we owe to him the first map of the region. In 1700 Bienville undertook to reach them but got no farther than the Yatasi village halfway between the Natchitoches and Kadohadacho. In 1719 the French officer Bernard de la Harpe (1831) spent some time among them and established a trading post which endured for a considerable period. French traders quickly monopolized the Kadohadacho trade, the principal trading point being Natchitoches, but no missions were established. <br> | ||
This group of tribes proved to be a strong bulwark against the warlike northern Indians, particularly the Osage, but they suffered much in consequence, and late in the eighteenth century the Kadohadacho or a part of them moved to another location some miles below their ancient village. The town established in the new location, however, was also attacked by the Osages, who inflicted such losses upon its inhabitants that they removed again about 1800 and established themselves on Sodo Creek northwest of the present Shreveport. In 1824 a treaty was signed between the United States Government and the Quapaw Indians by which the latter agreed to give up their lands on the Arkansas and remove to the country of the Caddo Indians. The Quapaw removed the year following but suffered such losses on account of floods in Red River that in 1833 they surrendered these lands and removed to Oklahoma. Two years later the Kadohadacho and their allies also subscribed to a treaty by which they surrendered all of their lands within the territory of the United States. In consequence, they removed to Texas and settled near their Hasinai kindred, whose fortunes they afterward followed although the two parties remained distinct for a considerable period. Some united themselves for a time with the Cherokee under Chief Bowl. Some also took up their residence with the Chickasaw in the Indian Territory. Those who remained in Texas were fellow victims with the Hasinai of the increasing friction with their white neighbors embittered by Comanche and Apache depredations for which they were in no way responsible. We may now call these united peoples by the simple term "Caddo." <br> | This group of tribes proved to be a strong bulwark against the warlike northern Indians, particularly the Osage, but they suffered much in consequence, and late in the eighteenth century the Kadohadacho or a part of them moved to another location some miles below their ancient village. The town established in the new location, however, was also attacked by the Osages, who inflicted such losses upon its inhabitants that they removed again about 1800 and established themselves on Sodo Creek northwest of the present Shreveport. In 1824 a treaty was signed between the United States Government and the Quapaw Indians by which the latter agreed to give up their lands on the Arkansas and remove to the country of the Caddo Indians. The Quapaw removed the year following but suffered such losses on account of floods in Red River that in 1833 they surrendered these lands and removed to Oklahoma. Two years later the Kadohadacho and their allies also subscribed to a treaty by which they surrendered all of their lands within the territory of the United States. In consequence, they removed to Texas and settled near their Hasinai kindred, whose fortunes they afterward followed although the two parties remained distinct for a considerable period. Some united themselves for a time with the Cherokee under Chief Bowl. Some also took up their residence with the Chickasaw in the Indian Territory. Those who remained in Texas were fellow victims with the Hasinai of the increasing friction with their white neighbors embittered by Comanche and Apache depredations for which they were in no way responsible. We may now call these united peoples by the simple term "Caddo." <br> | ||
In an endeavor to end these difficulties a reservation was set apart for the Caddo on Brazos River in 1852 but trouble arose again of such a violent character that in 1859 the Caddo abandoned Texas and were assigned a new reservation in the southwestern part of the present State of Oklahoma, where their descendants still live, most of the scattered bands having been gathered into one section. Most of the Caddo sided with the Federal Government during the Civil War and went to Kansas, where they remained until it was over, though experiencing many hardships in consequence and losing many of their people in epidemics. They took considerable interest in the Ghost Dance Religion and still more in the Peyote Cult, John Wilson, a mixed-blood Caddo and Delaware, being one of the prominent leaders. The fact that they had always cultivated the ground has made their adjustment to the new economic system fairly easy. In 1902 they were allotted land in severalty. | In an endeavor to end these difficulties a reservation was set apart for the Caddo on Brazos River in 1852 but trouble arose again of such a violent character that in 1859 the Caddo abandoned Texas and were assigned a new reservation in the southwestern part of the present State of Oklahoma, where their descendants still live, most of the scattered bands having been gathered into one section. Most of the Caddo sided with the Federal Government during the Civil War and went to Kansas, where they remained until it was over, though experiencing many hardships in consequence and losing many of their people in epidemics. They took considerable interest in the Ghost Dance Religion and still more in the Peyote Cult, John Wilson, a mixed-blood Caddo and Delaware, being one of the prominent leaders. The fact that they had always cultivated the ground has made their adjustment to the new economic system fairly easy. In 1902 they were allotted land in severalty. | ||
| Line 127: | Line 127: | ||
'''Karankawan Indian Tribe.''' The name Karankawa is derived from one of the constituent tribes, but the significance is unknown. | '''Karankawan Indian Tribe.''' The name Karankawa is derived from one of the constituent tribes, but the significance is unknown. | ||
Nda kun-dadehe is a Lipan name, meaning "people walking in the water." Quelancouchis, Clamcoets, names given by the French.<br>YRkokon kdpai, Tonkawa, meaning "without moccasins," but this name includes the coast Coahuiltecan tribes. <br> | Nda kun-dadehe is a Lipan name, meaning "people walking in the water." Quelancouchis, Clamcoets, names given by the French.<br>YRkokon kdpai, Tonkawa, meaning "without moccasins," but this name includes the coast Coahuiltecan tribes. <br> | ||
''Connections:'' The Karankawan tribes are placed in an independent linguistic stock, which was connected most closely, it would seem, with the Coahuiltecan group. | ''Connections:'' The Karankawan tribes are placed in an independent linguistic stock, which was connected most closely, it would seem, with the Coahuiltecan group. | ||
| Line 139: | Line 139: | ||
''Connection in which they have become noted.''The Karankawan tribes will be longest remembered as those among which Cabeza de Vacs and his companions were cast away in 1528, and where La Salle's colony was established in 1685. The name of one Karankawan tribe (Kopano) is preserved by Copano Bay. | ''Connection in which they have become noted.''The Karankawan tribes will be longest remembered as those among which Cabeza de Vacs and his companions were cast away in 1528, and where La Salle's colony was established in 1685. The name of one Karankawan tribe (Kopano) is preserved by Copano Bay. | ||
<br>''' | <br>'''Kichaior''' (more phonetically) '''Kitsei.'''Their own name and said to mean "going in wet sand," but the Pawnee translate their rendering of it as "water turtle." Also called: | ||
*Gfts'ajl, Kansa name. | *Gfts'ajl, Kansa name. | ||
| Line 165: | Line 165: | ||
*A-tagui, Kiowa name, meaning "timber Apache"; used also for Mescalero. Cances, Caddo name, meaning "deceivers." | *A-tagui, Kiowa name, meaning "timber Apache"; used also for Mescalero. Cances, Caddo name, meaning "deceivers." | ||
*Hu-ta'-ci, Comanche name, meaning "forest Apache." <br> | *Hu-ta'-ci, Comanche name, meaning "forest Apache." <br> | ||
*Huxul, Tonkawa name. (See Uxul.) | *Huxul, Tonkawa name. (See Uxul.) | ||
*Na-izh ..'fi, own name, meaning "ours," "our kind." | *Na-izh ..'fi, own name, meaning "ours," "our kind." | ||
*Nav6ne, Comanche name.<br> | *Nav6ne, Comanche name.<br> | ||
*Shi'Tni, former Mescalero name, meaning "summer people." <br> | *Shi'Tni, former Mescalero name, meaning "summer people." <br> | ||
*Tu-tsan-nde, Mescalero name, meaning "great water people." | *Tu-tsan-nde, Mescalero name, meaning "great water people." | ||
*Uxul, Tonkawa name, meaning a spiral shell and applied to this tribe because of their coiled hair. | *Uxul, Tonkawa name, meaning a spiral shell and applied to this tribe because of their coiled hair. | ||
| Line 210: | Line 210: | ||
'''Tonkawan Tribes.''' The name derived from the most important and only surviving tribe of the family. Gatschet (1891) says that Tonkawa is a Waco word, Tonkaweya, meaning "they all stay together." The synonyms are not to be confounded with those of the Tawakoni. Also called: | '''Tonkawan Tribes.''' The name derived from the most important and only surviving tribe of the family. Gatschet (1891) says that Tonkawa is a Waco word, Tonkaweya, meaning "they all stay together." The synonyms are not to be confounded with those of the Tawakoni. Also called: | ||
*Kádiko, Kiowa name, probably a corruption of Kúikogo, "man-eating men." <br> | *Kádiko, Kiowa name, probably a corruption of Kúikogo, "man-eating men." <br> | ||
*Kariko, Comanche name, from above. | *Kariko, Comanche name, from above. | ||
*K`inähi-píäko, Kiowa name, meaning "maneaters" (Mooney, 1898). <br> | *K`inähi-píäko, Kiowa name, meaning "maneaters" (Mooney, 1898). <br> | ||
*Konkona or Komkome, early French name. | *Konkona or Komkome, early French name. | ||
*Maneaters, common translation of some of above synonyms. | *Maneaters, common translation of some of above synonyms. | ||
| Line 229: | Line 229: | ||
''Population:'' Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1690 there were about 1,600 Tonkawa. A Spanish estimate of 1778 gives 300 warriors but the following year, after an epidemic of smallpox, this is cut in half. In 1782, 600 were said to have attended a certain meeting and this was only a portion of the tribe. Sibley (1832) estimated that in 1805 they had 200 men. In 1809 there were said to be 250 families and in 1828, 80. In 1847 the official estimate was 150 men. Before the massacre of 1862 there were supposed to be about 300 all told, but when they were placed on their reservation in 1884 there were only 92. In 1908 there were 48 including a few intermarried Lipan; the census of 1910 gave 42, but that of 1930 restores the figure to 48, and in 1937 there were said to be 51. | ''Population:'' Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1690 there were about 1,600 Tonkawa. A Spanish estimate of 1778 gives 300 warriors but the following year, after an epidemic of smallpox, this is cut in half. In 1782, 600 were said to have attended a certain meeting and this was only a portion of the tribe. Sibley (1832) estimated that in 1805 they had 200 men. In 1809 there were said to be 250 families and in 1828, 80. In 1847 the official estimate was 150 men. Before the massacre of 1862 there were supposed to be about 300 all told, but when they were placed on their reservation in 1884 there were only 92. In 1908 there were 48 including a few intermarried Lipan; the census of 1910 gave 42, but that of 1930 restores the figure to 48, and in 1937 there were said to be 51. | ||
''Connection in which they have become noted.''The Tonkawan tribes have the following claims to remembrance: <br> | ''Connection in which they have become noted.''The Tonkawan tribes have the following claims to remembrance: <br> | ||
#On account of the uniqueness of their language | #On account of the uniqueness of their language | ||
#For their reputed addiction to cannibalism | #For their reputed addiction to cannibalism | ||
#On account of the massacre perpetrated upon them partly in consequence of this reputation, as above described. The city of | #On account of the massacre perpetrated upon them partly in consequence of this reputation, as above described. The city of Tonkawa in Kay County, Oklahoma, perpetuates the name | ||
Tonkawa in Kay County, Oklahoma, perpetuates the name | |||
'''Waco.''' The Waco were a subtribe or tribe of the Wichita group which lived near the present Waco for a limited period before removal to Oklahoma. | '''Waco.''' The Waco were a subtribe or tribe of the Wichita group which lived near the present Waco for a limited period before removal to Oklahoma. | ||
'''Wichita.'''The Wichita lived for a time along both sides of Red River in northern Texas. (See Oklahoma.) | '''Wichita.'''The Wichita lived for a time along both sides of Red River in northern Texas. (See Oklahoma.) | ||
[[Category:Texas]] | [[Category:Texas]] [[Category:Indians_of_the_United_States]] | ||
[[Category:Indians_of_the_United_States]] | |||