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The next phase in the late 18th and 19th centuries involved major engineering feats, and the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford (1757-1834) was the leading engineer (Pearce). He became famous for the construction of roads and harbours, and in particular several large bridges including the Menai Bridge linking Wales and Anglesey. Construction of ponds, whether so-called ''dew ponds'' (filled by rain not dew) on the chalk downs for watering sheep, or ''ornamental ponds'' in gardens, was carried out as described by Manners (''Country Crafts Today''. Gale Research Company, Detroit, Michigan, 1974). | The next phase in the late 18th and 19th centuries involved major engineering feats, and the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford (1757-1834) was the leading engineer (Pearce). He became famous for the construction of roads and harbours, and in particular several large bridges including the Menai Bridge linking Wales and Anglesey. Construction of ponds, whether so-called ''dew ponds'' (filled by rain not dew) on the chalk downs for watering sheep, or ''ornamental ponds'' in gardens, was carried out as described by Manners (''Country Crafts Today''. Gale Research Company, Detroit, Michigan, 1974). | ||
*Roads<br>There were Roman ''streets'', Anglo-Saxon ''ways'' and ''lanes'', and Scandinavian gates but the word road was rarely used before the late 17th century. During the next century it became more widespread through the building of ''military roads'' in Scotland and ''turnpike roads'' throughout Britain. The biggest improvement in technique was by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam (1736-1836) who invented the process of building roads with successive layers of decreasingly sized broken stone of nearly uniform size, each compacted before the next layer is laid. Tar is added to the top layers to form the smooth material we now know as ''tarmac''. Chaloner (''People and Industries''. Frank Cass, London. {{FSC|273322|item|disp=FS | *Roads<br>There were Roman ''streets'', Anglo-Saxon ''ways'' and ''lanes'', and Scandinavian gates but the word road was rarely used before the late 17th century. During the next century it became more widespread through the building of ''military roads'' in Scotland and ''turnpike roads'' throughout Britain. The biggest improvement in technique was by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam (1736-1836) who invented the process of building roads with successive layers of decreasingly sized broken stone of nearly uniform size, each compacted before the next layer is laid. Tar is added to the top layers to form the smooth material we now know as ''tarmac''. Chaloner (''People and Industries''. Frank Cass, London. {{FSC|273322|item|disp=FS Catalog book 942 U3ch}}, 1963) has a chapter on McAdam’s contributions to road making. | ||
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