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The survey is not entirely complete and lacks coverage in the City of London and some other major towns as well as the counties of Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland and Westmorland. Some other counties are incomplete. The many problems of the survey’s interpretation are discussed in David Roffe, ''Domesday: the inquest and the book'' (2000). | The survey is not entirely complete and lacks coverage in the City of London and some other major towns as well as the counties of Cumberland, Durham, Northumberland and Westmorland. Some other counties are incomplete. The many problems of the survey’s interpretation are discussed in David Roffe, ''Domesday: the inquest and the book'' (2000). | ||
The text of Domesday in its abbreviated Latin and a translation were printed in county volumes edited by John Morris as ''Domesday Book'' (38 volumes, Chichester, England: Phillimore, 1975-86) [{{ | The text of Domesday in its abbreviated Latin and a translation were printed in county volumes edited by John Morris as ''Domesday Book'' (38 volumes, Chichester, England: Phillimore, 1975-86) [{{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|13655}} book 942 R2d]; there are complete indexes of places in volume 36, of persons in volume 37 and subjects in volume 38. An online transcription is available at [http://domesdaybook.co.uk Domesday Book]. The personal names are indexed in K.S.B. Keats-Rohan and David E. Thornton, ''Domesday names: an index of Latin personal and place names in Domesday Book'' (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 1997) [not in FS Library] and there is a careful commentary on what is known about the people involved and their subsequent histories in K.S.B. Keats-Rohan, ''Domesday people: a prosopography of persons occurring in English documents 1066-1166'' (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 1999) [FS Library book 942 H2] and''Domesday people: II, Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum'' (Woodbridge, England: Boydell Press, 2002) [FS Library book 942 D3]. | ||
== Record Indexes and Transcripts 1090-1600 == | == Record Indexes and Transcripts 1090-1600 == | ||
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Population coverage: 25% of recorded population. | Population coverage: 25% of recorded population. | ||
Reliability: Very accurate as they were created by an official of the Crown.< | Reliability: Very accurate as they were created by an official of the Crown.<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span> | ||
== Patent and Close Rolls == | == Patent and Close Rolls == | ||
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Those who died holding land direct from the Crown were subject to [[England_Inquisitions_Post_Mortem|Inquisitions Post Mortem]] when an escheator would summon a jury to declare on oath what lands the tenant-in-chief held at the time of his death, by what rents or services they were held, and the name and age of the next heir. The lands of those heirs who were under age (21 for males and 14 for females) remained in the wardship of the King until they came of age whereas adult heirs paid a fine and performed homage to the King. The records which run from 1235 to 1660 are also at The National Archives. There are abstracts for some counties and indexes at the FamilySearch Library. In a Place Search in the FamilySearch Catalog look under [COUNTY], ENGLAND – LAND AND PROPERTY. | Those who died holding land direct from the Crown were subject to [[England_Inquisitions_Post_Mortem|Inquisitions Post Mortem]] when an escheator would summon a jury to declare on oath what lands the tenant-in-chief held at the time of his death, by what rents or services they were held, and the name and age of the next heir. The lands of those heirs who were under age (21 for males and 14 for females) remained in the wardship of the King until they came of age whereas adult heirs paid a fine and performed homage to the King. The records which run from 1235 to 1660 are also at The National Archives. There are abstracts for some counties and indexes at the FamilySearch Library. In a Place Search in the FamilySearch Catalog look under [COUNTY], ENGLAND – LAND AND PROPERTY. | ||
{{ | {{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|England Inquisitions Post Mortem}} | ||
== Feet of Fines and Recoveries == | == Feet of Fines and Recoveries == | ||
Because an entry on the rolls of one of the royal courts was regarded as binding upon all persons it became customary to create and transfer interests in land by bringing collusive actions in the Court of Common Pleas so that the resulting agreements were registered. One of the major sources in the Medieval time period. They are used to show relationship of individuals to their parents and also list individuals and their place of residence.< | Because an entry on the rolls of one of the royal courts was regarded as binding upon all persons it became customary to create and transfer interests in land by bringing collusive actions in the Court of Common Pleas so that the resulting agreements were registered. One of the major sources in the Medieval time period. They are used to show relationship of individuals to their parents and also list individuals and their place of residence.<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span> | ||
There were two principal methods by which this was done. In the first, called the Final Concord or Fine, the purchaser (who was the plaintiff or querient) alleged that the seller (the vendor or deforciant) had agreed to sell the property in question but had failed to do so. Before the court could reach a judgment the parties came to an out of court settlement (the Final Concord) and an order was then made which gave the purchaser the freehold of the property. The final judgment was recorded three times on a sheet of parchment which was then cut into three pieces with wavy cuts. The top left and right pieces were given to the seller and the purchaser and the bottom piece, or foot, was retained by the Court and enrolled. The resulting records in the Court of Common Pleas, called Feet of Fines, run from 1182 to 1834 (CP 25), but the later ones are little used by genealogists. They give the names of the parties, who may include a husband and wife or father and son, and provide a very brief description of the land being sold. | There were two principal methods by which this was done. In the first, called the Final Concord or Fine, the purchaser (who was the plaintiff or querient) alleged that the seller (the vendor or deforciant) had agreed to sell the property in question but had failed to do so. Before the court could reach a judgment the parties came to an out of court settlement (the Final Concord) and an order was then made which gave the purchaser the freehold of the property. The final judgment was recorded three times on a sheet of parchment which was then cut into three pieces with wavy cuts. The top left and right pieces were given to the seller and the purchaser and the bottom piece, or foot, was retained by the Court and enrolled. The resulting records in the Court of Common Pleas, called Feet of Fines, run from 1182 to 1834 (CP 25), but the later ones are little used by genealogists. They give the names of the parties, who may include a husband and wife or father and son, and provide a very brief description of the land being sold. | ||
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The later enclosures, with all the detailed work required, might take several years to complete. Their mark on the landscape is the characteristic square or rectangular field. | The later enclosures, with all the detailed work required, might take several years to complete. Their mark on the landscape is the characteristic square or rectangular field. | ||
The record of the allotment of land called the 'award', with the names of owners and tenants, together with a detailed map, is either in the county record office or in The National Archives. All are listed in W.E. Tate's A ''Domesday of English Enclosure Acts and Awards'' (Reading: University of Reading, 1978) {{ | The record of the allotment of land called the 'award', with the names of owners and tenants, together with a detailed map, is either in the county record office or in The National Archives. All are listed in W.E. Tate's A ''Domesday of English Enclosure Acts and Awards'' (Reading: University of Reading, 1978) {{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|61033}} 942 R2 and John Chapman's ''A guide to Parliamentary Enclosures in Wales'' (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992) {{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|1011673}} 942.9 R2. | ||
One of the most controversial aspects of this subject is the way in which enclosure affected the small farmer, cottager and squatter. The liberal social historians J.L. and L.B. Hammond in ''The Village Labourer'' (London: Longmans Green, 1911) {{ | One of the most controversial aspects of this subject is the way in which enclosure affected the small farmer, cottager and squatter. The liberal social historians J.L. and L.B. Hammond in ''The Village Labourer'' (London: Longmans Green, 1911) {{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|177084}} 942 H2 said that it was fatal to these three classes but the great growth in population between 1540 and 1640 (when it all but doubled) undoubtedly also helped to create the mobile labour force dependent on wages, which is usually blamed upon it. Where common survive, smallholdings have not necessarily flourished, but you may still see cattle graze an unenclosed heath, watched perhaps by their owner from the glassy shelter of a telephone kiosk. | ||
== Hearth Tax 1662-89 == | == Hearth Tax 1662-89 == | ||
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In 1662 every occupier was required to pay a tax of two shillings a year for each hearth or stove in his property. Many people were exempt: those who received poor relief, those who occupied houses worth less than twenty shillings a year and had an annual income of less than £10 a year, and those who paid neither church nor poor rate. However, the assessments generally include even the exempted hearths. Where they survive they give some idea of the relative wealth of the people in the parish, though the exact location of the houses may be more problematical. | In 1662 every occupier was required to pay a tax of two shillings a year for each hearth or stove in his property. Many people were exempt: those who received poor relief, those who occupied houses worth less than twenty shillings a year and had an annual income of less than £10 a year, and those who paid neither church nor poor rate. However, the assessments generally include even the exempted hearths. Where they survive they give some idea of the relative wealth of the people in the parish, though the exact location of the houses may be more problematical. | ||
The majority of surviving lists are in The National Archives but copies of these may be found with the few surviving local returns in county record offices. A major programme is on foot to get at least one year for each county into print. For full details see Jeremy Gibson,''The Hearth Tax'' (Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 2nd edn. 1996) {{ | The majority of surviving lists are in The National Archives but copies of these may be found with the few surviving local returns in county record offices. A major programme is on foot to get at least one year for each county into print. For full details see Jeremy Gibson,''The Hearth Tax'' (Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 2nd edn. 1996) {{<span class="error">Expansion depth limit exceeded</span>|765227}} book 942 R43. For further detail see [[Hearth Tax in England and Wales]]. | ||
== Trends from 1680s to 1870s == | == Trends from 1680s to 1870s == | ||
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== References == | == References == | ||
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== Additional Websites == | == Additional Websites == | ||
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