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| bgcolor="#ffff66" | <center>'''Highly publicized DNA study'''</center><br>A recent DNA study has been highly publicized as indicating that Melungeons in [[Hancock County, Tennessee]], [[Hawkins County, Tennessee]], and [[Lee County, Virginia]] descend from African males and European females. Conclusions of this study were published in ''The Journal of Genetic Genealogy'' (April 2012). This was widely reported in the news media through such articles as | | bgcolor="#ffff66" | <center>'''Highly publicized DNA study'''</center><br>A recent DNA study has been highly publicized as indicating that Melungeons in [[Hancock County, Tennessee]], [[Hawkins County, Tennessee]], and [[Lee County, Virginia]] descend from African males and European females. Conclusions of this study were published in ''The Journal of Genetic Genealogy'' (April 2012). This was widely reported in the news media through such articles as [http://news.yahoo.com/dna-study-seeks-origin-appalachias-melungeons-201144041.html DNA study seeks origins of Appalachia's Melungeons] (AP). | ||
While this study has been widely publicized as though it completely settles the question of Melungeon origins generally, it does not. Various surnames traditionally associated with Melungeon identity were not included in the study. In addition, it leaves untouched some of the families who in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were typically classed as whites, but who claimed Native American ancestry, such as the Sizemore claimants among the Eastern Cherokee applicants. | While this study has been widely publicized as though it completely settles the question of Melungeon origins generally, it does not. Various surnames traditionally associated with Melungeon identity were not included in the study. In addition, it leaves untouched some of the families who in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were typically classed as whites, but who claimed Native American ancestry, such as the Sizemore claimants among the Eastern Cherokee applicants. | ||
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Stories and claims abound as to how this group of people descend from Portuguese, or Turks and/or Moors, who navigated to the American shores with the Portuguese, and who intermarried with Native Americans prior to English settlement. | Stories and claims abound as to how this group of people descend from Portuguese, or Turks and/or Moors, who navigated to the American shores with the Portuguese, and who intermarried with Native Americans prior to English settlement. | ||
Some of the most prominent surnames that have been claimed as potentially associated with a Melungeon identity include | Some of the most prominent surnames that have been claimed as potentially associated with a Melungeon identity include Bowling (Bolin), Bunch, Chavis (Chavez), Collins, Epps, Evans, Fields, Francisco, Gibson, Gill, Goins, Goodman, Minor, Mise, Moore, Mullins, Osborn(e), Phipps, Reeves (Rives, Rieves, Reeves, Reaves), Ridley (Riddle), Rodrigues, Stowers, Vanover, Williams, and Wise. This extremely partial list should not be taken as suggesting, however, that every family using this surname is necessarily considered to be Melungeon. | ||
Some of the sources and discussions pertaining to the Melungeons suggest that, in some cases, there may be a relationship to a specific Native American group. One of those groups that figures prominently consists of those generally defined as [[Saponi|Saponi]]. | Some of the sources and discussions pertaining to the Melungeons suggest that, in some cases, there may be a relationship to a specific Native American group. One of those groups that figures prominently consists of those generally defined as [[Saponi|Saponi]]. | ||
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This film discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Melungeon people, while focusing largely on the people of Newman's Ridge. One strength of the film is that it presents a variety of viewpoints, as well as research evidence. ''Melungeon Voices'' points out, in its narration, that genealogical research into Melungeon families can be challenging. Brent Kennedy, author of the book mentioned above, appears in the film as well as other researchers and speakers who figure prominently in discussions about Melungeons. | This film discusses various theories regarding the origin of the Melungeon people, while focusing largely on the people of Newman's Ridge. One strength of the film is that it presents a variety of viewpoints, as well as research evidence. ''Melungeon Voices'' points out, in its narration, that genealogical research into Melungeon families can be challenging. Brent Kennedy, author of the book mentioned above, appears in the film as well as other researchers and speakers who figure prominently in discussions about Melungeons. | ||
One of the sources listed below, that of an untitled affidavit in the Eastern Cherokee Application of George Washington Plummer, appears on the surface to only discuss Cherokee ancestry, while more likely addressing Melungeon background, as suggested by other records. This might explain the inability to establish specifically Cherokee ancestry on the part of the applicants, in addition to statements that they were "generally" recognized as white. The affidavit discusses the claims presented in the Sizemore applications, which, according to the document, "number about two thousand, representing approximately five thousand individuals." These were individuals living primarily in "northwestern North Carolina, northeastern Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and southern West Virginia." | One of the sources listed below, that of an untitled affidavit in the Eastern Cherokee Application of George Washington Plummer, appears on the surface to only discuss Cherokee ancestry, while more likely addressing Melungeon background, as suggested by other records. This might explain the inability to establish specifically Cherokee ancestry on the part of the applicants, in addition to statements that they were "generally" recognized as white. The affidavit discusses the claims presented in the Sizemore applications, which, according to the document, "number about two thousand, representing approximately five thousand individuals." These were individuals living primarily in "northwestern North Carolina, northeastern Tennessee, southwestern Virginia, and southern West Virginia." | ||
Among the materials listed below, note that some of the period sources, such as those by Dromgoole, are derogatory in nature. | Among the materials listed below, note that some of the period sources, such as those by Dromgoole, are derogatory in nature. | ||
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*Rawlings, Bill, "East Tennessee Melungeons Have Past Clouded in Myth," ''Kingsport Times-News'', Kingsport, Tennessee, 18 Oct 1959, p. 3-B. | *Rawlings, Bill, "East Tennessee Melungeons Have Past Clouded in Myth," ''Kingsport Times-News'', Kingsport, Tennessee, 18 Oct 1959, p. 3-B. | ||
*"Reports from Auxiliaries," ''Bible Society Record'', Vol. 17, No. 4, Apr 1872, pp. 56-57 (see near end of p. 56 and top of p. 57) ([http://books.google.com/books?id=f6VVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=mixed-race+part-indian+Hancock+County+Tennessee&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HeBdT6GKNYSC2wXFmvjWDg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mixed-race%20part-indian%20Hancock%20County%20Tennessee&f=false Google Books] link) | *"Reports from Auxiliaries," ''Bible Society Record'', Vol. 17, No. 4, Apr 1872, pp. 56-57 (see near end of p. 56 and top of p. 57) ([http://books.google.com/books?id=f6VVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56&dq=mixed-race+part-indian+Hancock+County+Tennessee&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HeBdT6GKNYSC2wXFmvjWDg&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=mixed-race%20part-indian%20Hancock%20County%20Tennessee&f=false Google Books] link) | ||
*"Rev. Mr. Kesterson: A Tennessee Clergyman with a Record," ''The Lima News'', Lima, Ohio, 9 November 1898, p. 6; also | *"Rev. Mr. Kesterson: A Tennessee Clergyman with a Record," ''The Lima News'', Lima, Ohio, 9 November 1898, p. 6; also ''The Oxford Mirror'', 3 November 1898, p. 9. | ||
*Schreiner, Dee Armstrong, "Are You a Descendant of the Mysterious Melungeons?" Ancestry, Mar-Apr 1995, pp. 21-23. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=3i-lHq0AmG8C&pg=PT22&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=xVaTTaiUJ5G6tgf5-vQ9&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books link]) | *Schreiner, Dee Armstrong, "Are You a Descendant of the Mysterious Melungeons?" Ancestry, Mar-Apr 1995, pp. 21-23. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=3i-lHq0AmG8C&pg=PT22&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=xVaTTaiUJ5G6tgf5-vQ9&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books link]) | ||
*Scolnick, Joseph M., Jr., and N. Brent Kennedy, eds., ''From Anatolia to Appalachia: A Turkish-American Dialogue'', Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2003. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=WIaFgcnViZsC&pg=PA45&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=xVaTTaiUJ5G6tgf5-vQ9&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books link]) | *Scolnick, Joseph M., Jr., and N. Brent Kennedy, eds., ''From Anatolia to Appalachia: A Turkish-American Dialogue'', Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 2003. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=WIaFgcnViZsC&pg=PA45&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=xVaTTaiUJ5G6tgf5-vQ9&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books link]) | ||
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*Steely, Mike, "They're 'Working Up' a Drama," K''ingsport Times-News'', Kingsport, Tennessee, 24 May 1973. | *Steely, Mike, "They're 'Working Up' a Drama," K''ingsport Times-News'', Kingsport, Tennessee, 24 May 1973. | ||
*"A Strange People of Tennessee: The Malungeons and their Curious Customs," ''The Daily Picayune'', New Orleans, Louisiana, 20 September 1897, p. 8. | *"A Strange People of Tennessee: The Malungeons and their Curious Customs," ''The Daily Picayune'', New Orleans, Louisiana, 20 September 1897, p. 8. | ||
*Thacker, Larry D., Jr., "Mysterious Melungeons" (chapter), | *Thacker, Larry D., Jr., "Mysterious Melungeons" (chapter), ''Mountain Mysteries: The Mystic Traditions of Appalachia'', 2007. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=FqxhWNd-Nf4C&pg=PA199&dq=melungeon&hl=en&ei=DFuTTfTcJomitgebnMhu&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAjgU#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books link]) | ||
*Untitled, ''Our Paper'', 11 Aug 1894, p. 506 (lower rt., under "Topics of the Time"). ([http://books.google.com/books?id=5oFRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&dq=melungeon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NXpdT8iqHOrE2wWeqOnxBA&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books] link) | *Untitled, ''Our Paper'', 11 Aug 1894, p. 506 (lower rt., under "Topics of the Time"). ([http://books.google.com/books?id=5oFRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA506&dq=melungeon&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NXpdT8iqHOrE2wWeqOnxBA&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=melungeon&f=false Google Books] link) | ||
*Walsh, William Shepard, "Franklin, State of," ''A Handy Book of Curious Information'', Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1913, pp. 366-367. | *Walsh, William Shepard, "Franklin, State of," ''A Handy Book of Curious Information'', Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1913, pp. 366-367. | ||
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*[http://www.angelfire.com/tn3/youngeagle/AMERICAN_INDIANbook.htm American Indian Melungeon] | *[http://www.angelfire.com/tn3/youngeagle/AMERICAN_INDIANbook.htm American Indian Melungeon] | ||
*[http://www.creativework.org/Atlanta%20Melungeon%20Project.htm Atlanta Melungeon Project] | *[http://www.creativework.org/Atlanta%20Melungeon%20Project.htm Atlanta Melungeon Project] | ||
*[http://www.creativework.org/Beneath%20Myth,%20Melungeons%20Find%20Roots%20of%20Oppression%20(washingtonpost_com).htm Beneath Myth, Melungeons Find Roots of Oppression] | *[http://www.creativework.org/Beneath%20Myth,%20Melungeons%20Find%20Roots%20of%20Oppression%20(washingtonpost_com).htm Beneath Myth, Melungeons Find Roots of Oppression] (Washington Post) | ||
*[http://www.cyndislist.com/peoples.htm Cyndi's List: Unique Peoples & Cultures] | *[http://www.cyndislist.com/peoples.htm Cyndi's List: Unique Peoples & Cultures] | ||
*[http://sciway3.net/clark/freemoors/IndianMelungeons.html Examining Melungeon History and Genealogy] by Jack Goins | *[http://sciway3.net/clark/freemoors/IndianMelungeons.html Examining Melungeon History and Genealogy] by Jack Goins | ||
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*[http://www.melungeon.org/ Melungeon Heritage Association] | *[http://www.melungeon.org/ Melungeon Heritage Association] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021733/http://www.kansasheritage.org/cousin/melungeon.html Melungeon History] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314021733/http://www.kansasheritage.org/cousin/melungeon.html Melungeon History] | ||
*Melungeon History (video lecture by Wayne Winkler, Melungeon Historical Society Conference, 2009, in YouTube), [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrM_3nC6GFc Part 1] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_acXv7rAfw&feature=related Part 2] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzQxC7MRzFQ&feature=related Part 3] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcNu536tRrI&feature=related Part 4] | *Melungeon History (video lecture by Wayne Winkler, Melungeon Historical Society Conference, 2009, in YouTube), [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrM_3nC6GFc Part 1] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_acXv7rAfw&feature=related Part 2] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzQxC7MRzFQ&feature=related Part 3] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcNu536tRrI&feature=related Part 4] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxk6iqIKi0c&feature=related Part 5] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDKpqkQiUjo&feature=related Part 6] | ||
*[http://historical-melungeons.com/ The Melungeon Indians] | *[http://historical-melungeons.com/ The Melungeon Indians] | ||
*[https://mailinglists.rootsweb.com/listindexes/details?list_name=melungeon Melungeon Mailing List] | *[https://mailinglists.rootsweb.com/listindexes/details?list_name=melungeon Melungeon Mailing List] | ||
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