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'''Coushatta Tribes''' | '''Coushatta Tribes''' | ||
* 1540 the Coushatta tribes lived on | * 1540 the Coushatta tribes lived on islands and banks along the Tennessee River in Alabama an Tennessee. | ||
* 1600s both tribes migrated to central Alabama, settling near the | * 1600s both tribes migrated to central Alabama, settling near the confux of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers. The Alabamas eventually forced smaller Creeks into the Mobile Bay area of southern Alabama. | ||
* 1702 the French began to land in Mobile Bay. | * 1702 the French began to land in Mobile Bay. The French settled among their friends, the Choctaw. Therefore, the Alabamas made the French their enemies because of disputes with the Choctaws. | ||
* 1714 peace was established with the French (and by affiliation, the | * 1714 peace was established with the French (and by affiliation, the Choctaw). This friendship was solidified by the construction of Ft. Toulouse, on the outskirts of Alabama villages. This was near Alabama and Coushatta Villages. | ||
* 1763 the French gave up their lands east of the Mississippi River. So, the Alabama and Coushatta left the area. | * 1763 the French gave up their lands east of the Mississippi River. So, the Alabama and Coushatta left the area. | ||
** Having forged a half-century of friendship some Alabamas & Coushattas opted to follow the French to Mobile Bay. | ** Having forged a half-century of friendship some Alabamas & Coushattas opted to follow the French to Mobile Bay Alabama. Upon Returning to Central Alabama, some found better conditions with other Nations and intermarried. Others participated in the Seminole and Creek Wars. Still, more decided to join their brethren by island hopping from Alabama to New Orleans, and St. Bernard Parish Louisiana. | ||
* 1838: Those remaining in Alabama were forced onto the Trail of Tears, ending up in Oklahoma. That remnant became the Alabama-Quassarte tribal town of Oklahoma. They are still the relatives of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe of Texas. But because they have been with the Creek culture in Oklahoma so long, they have assimilated into that culture. | * 1838: Those remaining in Alabama were forced onto the Trail of Tears, ending up in Oklahoma. That remnant became the Alabama-Quassarte tribal town of Oklahoma. They are still the relatives of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe of Texas. But because they have been with the Creek culture in Oklahoma so long, they have assimilated into that culture. | ||
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* '''Coushatta:''' | * '''Coushatta:''' | ||
* | * 1790s, Coushattas migrated across the Sabine River. The Caddos invited the tribes to hunt with them in East Texas. | ||
* The trails of Coushattas and Alabama followed each other from Fort Toulouse (Central) Alabama to Polk County Texas. The Alabama settled near the Neches River and Coushatta near the Trinity River (Near Livingston Texas). | * 1803, the tribes each settled three villages along with building a network of trails from Louisiana and Texas. | ||
* Afraid of U.S. expansion, Spanish Mexico invited tribes to live along the Sabine River in Texas. Alabama and Coushatta are documented | ** The trails of Coushattas and Alabama followed each other from Fort Toulouse (Central) Alabama to Polk County Texas. The Alabama settled near the Neches River and Coushatta near the Trinity River (Near Livingston Texas). | ||
* Alabama and Coushatta were enlisted to patrol East Texas. | ** Afraid of U.S. expansion, Spanish Mexico invited tribes to live along the Sabine River in Texas. Alabama and Coushatta are documented trading at Atascocita in Liberty County and Nacogdoches Posts in Nacogdoches Texas. | ||
* Goods were exchanged for intel on settlers, tribes and contraband activity from the El Camino Real de los Tejas to the Gulf Coast. | ** Alabama and Coushatta were enlisted to patrol East Texas. | ||
* Coushatta warriors also participated in the Battle of Rosales against the Spanish. The Spanish were surprised because they had no battle plan, so they retreated. The Coushatta Warriors were cited for bravery. | ** Goods were exchanged for intel on settlers, tribes and contraband activity from the El Camino Real de los Tejas to the Gulf Coast. | ||
** Coushatta warriors also participated in the Battle of Rosales against the Spanish. The Spanish were surprised because they had no battle plan, so they retreated. The Coushatta Warriors were cited for bravery. | |||
'''State of Texas''' | '''State of Texas''' | ||
* 1857, the Coushattas were permitted to move onto the Alabama Reservation. Others opted to return to Louisiana. This is why there is a Coushatta tribe in Louisiana. | * 1857, the Coushattas were permitted to move onto the Alabama Reservation. Others opted to return to Louisiana. This is why there is a Coushatta tribe in Louisiana. | ||
* 1858 was the formation of the Lower Brazos Reservation for all tribes in Texas in Young County. A Tribal delegation including Chiefs visited the site and told the Indian Agent the land was unsuitable. The | * 1858 was the formation of the Lower Brazos Reservation for all tribes in Texas in Young County. A Tribal delegation including Chiefs visited the site and told the Indian Agent the land was unsuitable. The Alabama and Coushatta people refused to move. | ||
'''Civil War and After''' | '''Civil War and After''' | ||
* Since 1859 there was no government assistance for the Alabamas and Coushattas tribes. | |||
* 1860, a Presbyterian missionary (Reverend Tinney) advocated for a church to be established on the Alabamas and Coushattas reservation. | * 1860, a Presbyterian missionary (Reverend Tinney) advocated for a church to be established on the Alabamas and Coushattas reservation. | ||
* 1880 the Presbyterian Church was established on the Alabamas | * 1880 the Presbyterian Church was established on the Alabamas and Coushattas reservation. | ||
* 1914 was the first time the tribal people had a representative of the Federal Government come to their lands. Therefore, he completed a census of the Alabamas and Coushattas people. | |||
* 1914 | |||
* 1929, Charlie Martin Thompson was elected Principal Chief, given the name “Sunkee.” He and a delegation of tribal members and local supporters went to Washington, DC to advocate for help. Following congressional hearings Mikko Sunkee met with Pres. Hoover. | * 1929, Charlie Martin Thompson was elected Principal Chief, given the name “Sunkee.” He and a delegation of tribal members and local supporters went to Washington, DC to advocate for help. Following congressional hearings Mikko Sunkee met with Pres. Hoover. | ||
** A $32,000 loan was given to the tribe. This was supplemented by the State of Texas for $40,000. This was used for homes and 3,014 acres adjacent to the reservation. The land deed was written out to the “Alabamas and Coushattas Tribes of Texas. This was the first time the combined name appeared. | ** A $32,000 loan was given to the tribe. This was supplemented by the State of Texas for $40,000. This was used for homes and 3,014 acres adjacent to the reservation. The land deed was written out to the “Alabamas and Coushattas Tribes of Texas. This was the first time the combined name appeared. | ||
** In addition, the reservation Independent School District was established for Indian students | ** In addition, the reservation Independent School District was established for Indian students. | ||
* 1954, the federal government opted to relinquish trusteeship over smaller tribes including the Alabama and Coushatta. As a result, the Texas Board of Special Schools took over trusteeship of the tribes with the implication that Tribal members were now wards of the state.<ref>Bryant J. Celestine, ''Alabama-Coushata Indians'', from YouTube video presentation recorded at the Allen Public Library, 20 October 2016. All of the foregoing history was adapted from the live presentation.</ref> | |||
==== Reservations ==== | ==== Reservations ==== | ||
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** [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2000219 1940 US Census] | ** [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2000219 1940 US Census] | ||
** [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/4464515 1950 US Census] | ** [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/4464515 1950 US Census] | ||
Many were enumerated | Many Native Americans were enumerated at Precinct 5 in Polk County, Texas. | ||
* Please note: the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1325221 1900], and [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1727033 1910 U.S]. Censuses | * Please note: the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1325221 1900], and [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/1727033 1910 U.S]. Censuses have specific inquiries relating to Native Americans. For more information about these rolls, please see the FamilySearch Research article [[United States Special Inquiries Relating to Indians|''United States Special Inquiries Relating to Indians'']]. | ||
'''Alabama – Coushatta Tribe Deed Records on FamilySearch''' | '''Alabama – Coushatta Tribe Deed Records on FamilySearch''' | ||