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Latin is the language of the Romans. Through the continuing influence of Roman civilization and the use of Latin by the Catholic Church many genealogical resources are written in Latin. This page provides information about the language, including grammar, and a Latin to English wordlist.<br> | Latin is the language of the Romans. Through the continuing influence of Roman civilization and the use of Latin by the Catholic Church many genealogical resources are written in Latin. This page provides information about the language, including grammar, and a Latin to English wordlist.<br> | ||
[[Image:Illuminated.bible.closeup.arp.jpg|thumb|right|334px|Illuminated.bible.closeup.arp.jpg|<center>The illumination is a capital letter P since the letters following are ETRUS, making the word PETRUS (Peter in Latin).</center>|alt=The illumination is a capital letter P since the letters following are ETRUS, making the word PETRUS (Peter in Latin).]] | |||
==Usage== | ==Usage== | ||
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Latin is an inflected language, meaning that the endings of words vary according to how the words are used in a sentence. ''Who—whose— whom or marry—marries—married'' are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the most commonly seen form of each Latin word. As you read Latin records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage. | Latin is an inflected language, meaning that the endings of words vary according to how the words are used in a sentence. ''Who—whose— whom or marry—marries—married'' are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the most commonly seen form of each Latin word. As you read Latin records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage. | ||
The ''case'' of a word describes how it is being used in a sentence. The main three cases are: | The ''case'' of a word describes how it is being used in a sentence. The main three cases are: | ||
'''Nominative''': when the noun is the subject of the sentence, i.e. it is doing the verb <br> '''Accusative''' | '''Nominative''': when the noun is the subject of the sentence, i.e. it is doing the verb <br> '''Accusative''' : when the noun is the object of the sentence, so something else is doing a verb on it. <br> '''Genitive''': the noun possesses or belongs to something else. In English indicated by 'of' or 's | ||
A word's ending also varies by whether it is plural or singular. Latin words are divided into five declensions, but only three are considered here. Each declension has it's own basic pattern for word endings. | A word's ending also varies by whether it is plural or singular. Latin words are divided into five declensions, but only three are considered here. Each declension has it's own basic pattern for word endings. | ||
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Most male names are in the 2nd declension. Nearly all female names are in the 1st declension. Names from both genders can be found in the 3rd declension. | Most male names are in the 2nd declension. Nearly all female names are in the 1st declension. Names from both genders can be found in the 3rd declension. | ||
===Gender=== | ===Gender=== | ||
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This word list gives only the masculine form of adjectives. For example: | This word list gives only the masculine form of adjectives. For example: | ||
*''noster, nostra, nostrum'' (our) is listed as ''noster'' | |||
*''magnus, magna, magnum'' (great, large) is listed as ''magnus'' | |||
*''nobilis, nobile'' (noble, known) is listed as ''nobilis'' | |||
Some words can be either masculine or feminine, such as ''patrinus'' (godfather) and ''patrina'' (godmother). This word list usually gives only the masculine form even though a feminine form may occur in Latin records. Thus, given the word ''famulus'' (servant), you can conclude that ''famula'' is a female servant. Similarly, this word list gives only ''natus est'' ("he was born"). You can conclude that ''nata est'' means "she was born." The plural form ''nati sunt'' means "they were born." | Some words can be either masculine or feminine, such as ''patrinus'' (godfather) and ''patrina'' (godmother). This word list usually gives only the masculine form even though a feminine form may occur in Latin records. Thus, given the word ''famulus'' (servant), you can conclude that ''famula'' is a female servant. Similarly, this word list gives only ''natus est'' ("he was born"). You can conclude that ''nata est'' means "she was born." The plural form ''nati sunt'' means "they were born." | ||
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<br>Other noun endings change as follows to show possession: | <br>Other noun endings change as follows to show possession: | ||
*'''''-as''''' may change to '''''-atis''''' | |||
*'''''-ns''''' may change to '''''-ntis''''' | |||
*'''''-or''''' may change to '''''-oris''''' | |||
*'''''-tio''''' may change to '''''-tionis''''' | |||
Example: ''sartor'' (tailor) changes to ''sartoris'' (of the tailor) | Example: ''sartor'' (tailor) changes to ''sartoris'' (of the tailor) | ||
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Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. The following spelling variations are common in Latin documents: | Spelling rules were not standardized in earlier centuries. The following spelling variations are common in Latin documents: | ||
*'''''i''''' and '''''j''''' used interchangeably | |||
*'''''u''''' and '''''v''''' used interchangeably | |||
*'''''e''''' used for '''''ae''''' ('''''æ''''') | |||
*'''''e''''' used for '''''oe''''' ('''''œ''''') | |||
*'''''c''''' used for '''''qu''''' | |||
Examples: | Examples: | ||
*''ejusdem'' or ''eiusdem'' | |||
*''civis'' or ''ciuis'' | |||
*''preceptor'' or ''praeceptor'' | |||
*''celebs'' or ''coelebs'' | |||
*''quondam'' or ''condam'' | |||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
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The [https://archive.org/details/CappelliDizionarioDiAbbreviature Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane] contains an intensive list of Latin abbreviations, but the translations are in Italian. <br> | The [https://archive.org/details/CappelliDizionarioDiAbbreviature Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane] contains an intensive list of Latin abbreviations, but the translations are in Italian. <br> | ||
*Ainsworth, Robert. ''Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary''. Revised Edition. London, England: F. Westly and A.H. Davis, 1836. {{FSC|232221|title-id|disp=FS | *Ainsworth, Robert. ''Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary''. Revised Edition. London, England: F. Westly and A.H. Davis, 1836. {{FSC|232221|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 473 Ai65a 1836; film 599788}} - images; {{WorldCat|3951428|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/idurl/1/606634 FamilySearch Digital Library]. | ||
Additional dictionaries are listed under {{FSC| | Additional dictionaries are listed under {{FSC|Latin language - Dictionaries|subject|subject-id=702014835|disp=Latin Language - Dictionaries}} in the [[FamilySearch Catalog Subject Search|Subject Search]] of the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|FamilySearch Catalog]]. Most bookstores carry useful, inexpensive Latin-English dictionaries. | ||
The following sources can also be helpful for reading Latin records: | The following sources can also be helpful for reading Latin records: | ||
*Baxter, J. H. and Charles Johnson. ''Medieval Latin Word-List From British and Irish Sources''. London, England: Oxford University Press, n.d. {{FSC|375371|title-id|disp=FS | *Baxter, J. H. and Charles Johnson. ''Medieval Latin Word-List From British and Irish Sources''. London, England: Oxford University Press, n.d. {{FSC|375371|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 942 A8bm}}; {{WorldCat|1346776|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. | ||
*Grun, Paul A. ''Schlüssel zur alten und neuen Abkürzungen: Wörterbuch lateinischer und deutscher Abkürzungen des späten Mittlealters und der Neuzeit''. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: Starke Verlag, 1966. {{FSC|162328|title-id|disp=FS | *Grun, Paul A. ''Schlüssel zur alten und neuen Abkürzungen: Wörterbuch lateinischer und deutscher Abkürzungen des späten Mittlealters und der Neuzeit''. Limburg/Lahn, Germany: Starke Verlag, 1966. {{FSC|162328|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 943 B4gg vol. 6}}. Key to ancient and modern abbreviations: Dictionary of Latin and German abbreviations of the late middle age and modern times. | ||
*Jensen, C. Russell. ''Parish Register Latin: An Introduction''. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Vita Nova Books, 1988. {{FSC|679906|title-id|disp=FS | *Jensen, C. Russell. ''Parish Register Latin: An Introduction''. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Vita Nova Books, 1988. {{FSC|679906|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 475 J453p}}; {{WorldCat|20991732|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. A guide to understanding Latin as it appears in continental European church records. '''''Online at:''''' [https://archive.org/details/parishregisterla00crus/mode/2up Internet Archive]. | ||
*Martin, Charles Trice. ''The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records''. 2nd ed. London: Stevens, 1910. {{FSC|142819|title-id|disp=FS | *Martin, Charles Trice. ''The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records''. 2nd ed. London: Stevens, 1910. {{FSC|142819|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 422.471 M363re 1910}}; {{FSC|117796|title-id|disp=1892 edition on FS Library film 547,182, item 3}}; {{WorldCat|4212879|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. | ||
*McLaughlin, Eve. ''Simple Latin for Family Historians''. 2nd ed. Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 1987. {{FSC|481823|title-id|disp=FS | *McLaughlin, Eve. ''Simple Latin for Family Historians''. 2nd ed. Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 1987. {{FSC|481823|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 471.1 M273}}; {{WorldCat|39963159|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. This booklet lists Latin words frequently used in English parish registers. | ||
*Temple, Robin Edgel. ''Latin for Genealogical Research: A Primer for Record Latin.'' Thesis (M.A.). Brigham Young University, 1977. {{FSC|136588|title-id|disp=FS Library call number 929.1 T247L; edition on FS Library film 6070611}}(*); {{WorldCat|83593379|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. | *Temple, Robin Edgel. ''Latin for Genealogical Research: A Primer for Record Latin.'' Thesis (M.A.). Brigham Young University, 1977. {{FSC|136588|title-id|disp=FS Library call number 929.1 T247L; edition on FS Library film 6070611}}(*); {{WorldCat|83593379|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|godparent | |godparent | ||
|patrini, levantes, susceptores, compater, commater | |patrini, levantes, susceptores | ||
|- | |||
|godfather | |||
|patrinus, compater | |||
|- | |||
|godmother | |||
|matrina, patrina, commater | |||
|- | |- | ||
|husband | |husband | ||
| Line 397: | Line 403: | ||
|at | |at | ||
|ætatis | |ætatis | ||
|age<ref name="Cussans">John E. Cussans, ''Handbook of Heraldry : With Instructions for Tracing Pedigrees and Deciphering Ancient Mss. : Rules for the Appointment of Liveries etc.'' (London: Chatto and Windus, 1893), 283; | |age<ref name="Cussans">John E. Cussans, ''Handbook of Heraldry : With Instructions for Tracing Pedigrees and Deciphering Ancient Mss. : Rules for the Appointment of Liveries etc.'' (London: Chatto and Windus, 1893), 283; online at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/idurl/1/458711 FamilySearch Digital Library], accessed 26 July 2023.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|atq. | |atq. | ||
| Line 421: | Line 427: | ||
|dsp | |dsp | ||
|decessit sine prole | |decessit sine prole | ||
|died without issue (children)<ref name="Adeleye94">Gabriel Adeleye, ''World dictionary of foreign expressions: a resource for readers and writers'' (Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1999), 94, 112; | |died without issue (children)<ref name="Adeleye94">Gabriel Adeleye, ''World dictionary of foreign expressions: a resource for readers and writers'' (Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1999), 94, 112; online at [https://archive.org/details/worlddictionaryo00adel Internet Archive], accessed 26 July 2023.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
|dspl | |dspl | ||
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In some genealogical records, numbers—especially dates—are written out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and the ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) versions of each number. Ordinal numbers are adjectives and may sometimes appear with the feminine ending ('''''-a''''') or the neuter ending ('''''-um'''''). In written dates the ordinal numbers usually end with the grammatical ending ('''''-o'''''). Example: | In some genealogical records, numbers—especially dates—are written out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and the ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) versions of each number. Ordinal numbers are adjectives and may sometimes appear with the feminine ending ('''''-a''''') or the neuter ending ('''''-um'''''). In written dates the ordinal numbers usually end with the grammatical ending ('''''-o'''''). Example: | ||
{{Block indent|1=''quartus'' = the fourth}} | |||
{{Block indent|1=''quarto'' = on the fourth}} | |||
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | {| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" width="70%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" | ||
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|} | |} | ||
<font size="+1" face="Times">D</font> is sometimes represented by the symbol [[Image:Roman Numeral D.jpg|24px|Roman Numeral D.jpg]]. | <font size="+1" face="Times">D</font> is sometimes represented by the symbol [[Image:Roman Numeral D.jpg|24px|Roman Numeral D.jpg|alt=Roman Numeral D]]. | ||
<font size="+1" face="Times">M</font> is sometimes represented by the symbol [[Image:Roman Numeral M.jpg|32px|Roman Numeral M.jpg]]. | <font size="+1" face="Times">M</font> is sometimes represented by the symbol [[Image:Roman Numeral M.jpg|32px|Roman Numeral M.jpg|alt=Roman Numeral M]]. | ||
If smaller value numbers follow larger value numbers, add the values together. If a smaller value number precedes a larger value number, subtract the smaller from the larger. For example: | If smaller value numbers follow larger value numbers, add the values together. If a smaller value number precedes a larger value number, subtract the smaller from the larger. For example: | ||
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In Latin records, dates are often written out. Numbers generally end with '''''-o''''' when used in a date. For example: | In Latin records, dates are often written out. Numbers generally end with '''''-o''''' when used in a date. For example: | ||
{{Block indent|1=''Anno Domini millesimo sescentesimo nonagesimo quarto et die decimo septimo mensis Maii'' [In the year of (our) Lord one thousand six hundred ninety-four, and on the seventeenth day of the month of May]}} | |||
To understand Latin dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section. | To understand Latin dates, use the following lists as well as the preceding "Numbers" section. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|mane | |mane | ||
|in the morning | |||
|- | |||
|matutinus, mat. | |||
|in the morning | |in the morning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 1,335: | Line 1,345: | ||
|clausum | |clausum | ||
|closed, finished | |closed, finished | ||
|- | |||
|clavarius | |||
|nailsmith | |||
|- | |- | ||
|clericus | |clericus | ||
| Line 1,476: | Line 1,489: | ||
|cotarius | |cotarius | ||
|cottager | |cottager | ||
|- | |||
|coziarius | |||
|cook | |||
|- | |- | ||
|cras | |cras | ||
| Line 1,846: | Line 1,862: | ||
|faber | |faber | ||
|maker, smith | |maker, smith | ||
|- | |||
|faber clavorum<ref>''Genealogie-Lexikon'', "Faber clavorum", https://genlex.de/faber-clavorum/. Accessed 15 Jul 2024.</ref> | |||
|nailsmith | |||
|- | |||
|faber lignarius | |||
|carpenter, joiner | |||
|- | |- | ||
|factus | |factus | ||
| Line 2,232: | Line 2,254: | ||
|inferior | |inferior | ||
|lower | |lower | ||
|- | |||
|infirmitas | |||
|cause of death (in a heading) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|infirmus | |infirmus | ||
| Line 2,271: | Line 2,296: | ||
|ipse | |ipse | ||
|himself, herself, itself | |himself, herself, itself | ||
|- | |||
|ipsius | |||
|of himself, of herself, of itself, his, her, its | |||
|- | |- | ||
|ita | |ita | ||
| Line 2,617: | Line 2,645: | ||
|morbus | |morbus | ||
|disease | |disease | ||
|- | |||
|morbus | |||
|cause of death (in a heading) | |||
|- | |||
|morbus sive aliud genus mortis | |||
|cause of death (in a heading) | |||
|- | |- | ||
|more novo | |more novo | ||
| Line 3,482: | Line 3,516: | ||
|scribo | |scribo | ||
|I write | |I write | ||
|- | |||
|scriniarius | |||
|carpenter | |||
|- | |- | ||
|scripsit | |scripsit | ||
| Line 4,062: | Line 4,099: | ||
|nearby, neighborhood | |nearby, neighborhood | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |vietor | ||
|cooper (occupation) | |cooper (occupation) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 4,200: | Line 4,237: | ||
==External Links== | ==External Links== | ||
*[https://script.byu.edu/ | *[https://script.byu.edu/latin-handwriting/introduction BYU Script Latin Tutorial] | ||
*[http://www.genealogyintime.com/dictionaries/genealogy-latin-dictionary-pageA.html?awt_l=KMmk2&awt_m=JAA8hvjbuwk.Vy GenealogyInTime Latin Dictionary] - billed by GenealogyInTime as "the largest online resource devoted to Latin words and phrases in genealogy." | *[http://www.genealogyintime.com/dictionaries/genealogy-latin-dictionary-pageA.html?awt_l=KMmk2&awt_m=JAA8hvjbuwk.Vy GenealogyInTime Latin Dictionary] - billed by GenealogyInTime as "the largest online resource devoted to Latin words and phrases in genealogy." | ||
*[http://sunsite.ubc.ca/LatinDictionary/HyperText/ An On-line Latin word-list (Hypertext version)] - from the University of Kansas | *[http://sunsite.ubc.ca/LatinDictionary/HyperText/ An On-line Latin word-list (Hypertext version)] - from the University of Kansas | ||
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