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For most Irish the Penal Laws restricted access by Catholic native Irish to government positions and the trades, thus the use of trade directories and apprentice and freemen’s records is limited to the small Protestant minority. | For most Irish the Penal Laws restricted access by Catholic native Irish to government positions and the trades, thus the use of trade directories and apprentice and freemen’s records is limited to the small Protestant minority. | ||
Trade directories can be found through the FamilySearch Catalog and through several of the websites listed on [[Irish Websites - International Institute|Irish Websites | Trade directories can be found through the FamilySearch Catalog and through several of the websites listed on [[Irish Websites - International Institute|Irish Websites - International Institute]]. Grenham lists sources for apothecaries, artists, army and militia, attorneys and barristers, bakers, barbers and surgeons, booksellers, Board of Ordnance employees, bricklayers, carpenters, clergymen, clockmakers, coastguards, convicts, cooks, doctors, goldsmiths, linen workers, masons, members of parliament, merchants, millers, navy personnel, plumbers, police, post office employees, printers, prison warders, publicans, railway workers, seamen, silversmiths, smiths, stonemasons, teachers, vintners, watchmakers, and weavers. | ||
One common road out of poverty in Ireland was to join the British Army, the Royal Navy or the police. Many others went to England for stints of work as railway laborers, canal "Navies", or in other civilian services. On the English census the enumerators were only required to state their country of birth if outside England, but you will sometimes find a county and occasionally a parish. Howerver if they had a job which could ultimately lead to a government pension, such as the army or police force, then it is probable that a record was made of their date and place of birth at the time they joined up or ''attested.''<ref>Christensen, Penelope. "Ireland Occupations - International Institute, " ''The International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Ireland_Occupations_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | One common road out of poverty in Ireland was to join the British Army, the Royal Navy or the police. Many others went to England for stints of work as railway laborers, canal "Navies", or in other civilian services. On the English census the enumerators were only required to state their country of birth if outside England, but you will sometimes find a county and occasionally a parish. Howerver if they had a job which could ultimately lead to a government pension, such as the army or police force, then it is probable that a record was made of their date and place of birth at the time they joined up or ''attested.''<ref>Christensen, Penelope. "Ireland Occupations - International Institute, " ''The International Institute of Genealogical Studies'' (2012), https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Ireland_Occupations_%28National_Institute%29.</ref> | ||
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