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*If deceased, the register provides the death date or crosses out the name of the deceased | *If deceased, the register provides the death date or crosses out the name of the deceased | ||
==Ottoman Cadastral Surveys | ==Ottoman Cadastral Surveys (''Tahrir Mufassal Defter'')== | ||
'''Research use:''' These records establish individual identity and residence; may sometimes establish family groups (at least partial).<br> | '''Research use:''' These records establish individual identity and residence; may sometimes establish family groups (at least partial).<br> | ||
'''Reliability:''' Fair.<ref name="profile"/> | '''Reliability:''' Fair.<ref name="profile"/> | ||
===How to Find the Records=== | ===How to Find the Records=== | ||
===Historical Background=== | ===Historical Background=== | ||
'''Record type:''' The Ottoman Turks conducted extensive surveys of land and population for taxation purposes as early as the 1500s. These early surveys are of great value to demographers to estimate the size and character of the population in various regions of the Ottoman empire, but they contain no names and are not of significant genealogical value. After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This and later surveys included names of head of households. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces | '''Record type:''' The Ottoman Turks conducted extensive surveys of land and population for taxation purposes as early as the 1500s. These early surveys are of great value to demographers to estimate the size and character of the population in various regions of the Ottoman empire, but they contain no names and are not of significant genealogical value. After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This and later surveys included names of head of households. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces (''sancaks'') of Bursa and Janina, then empire wide in 1860. | ||
===Coverage and Compliance=== | ===Coverage and Compliance=== | ||
'''Time period:''' 1858-1914.<br> | '''Time period:''' 1858-1914.<br> | ||
'''Location:''' Cadastral Department archives | '''Location:''' Cadastral Department archives (''Tapu ve Kadastro Umum Mudurlugu arşivi'') in Ankara and Istanbul.<br> | ||
'''Population coverage:''' Less than 30%. Women and children are generally not listed and remote localities may not be surveyed. | '''Population coverage:''' Less than 30%. Women and children are generally not listed and remote localities may not be surveyed. | ||
===Information Recorded in the Records=== | ===Information Recorded in the Records=== | ||
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*Sometimes includes names of females and children | *Sometimes includes names of females and children | ||
==Registry of Civil Servants | ==Registry of Civil Servants (''Sicill-i Ahval Defterleri'')== | ||
===Coverage and Compliance=== | ===Coverage and Compliance=== | ||
These records are from the former Ottoman territories. | These records are from the former Ottoman territories. | ||
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*Rank | *Rank | ||
==Military Head Tax Register | ==Military Head Tax Register (''Cizye Defter'')== | ||
'''Research use:''' These records provide an early listing of names and probably age and residence of a significant portion of the male population; may provide some lineage linking information if sons are listed with fathers.<br> | '''Research use:''' These records provide an early listing of names and probably age and residence of a significant portion of the male population; may provide some lineage linking information if sons are listed with fathers.<br> | ||
'''Reliability:''' Probably good.<ref name="profile"/> | '''Reliability:''' Probably good.<ref name="profile"/> | ||
===How to Find the Records=== | ===How to Find the Records=== | ||
===Historical Background=== | ===Historical Background=== | ||
'''Record type:''' A register of those who paid the military head tax | '''Record type:''' A register of those who paid the military head tax (''cizye''). This tax was levied on all non-Muslims in place of military service. It is not possible to determine specific information about these records without on-site investigation.<Br> | ||
===Coverage and Compliance=== | ===Coverage and Compliance=== | ||
'''Time period:''' 1551-1840.<br> | '''Time period:''' 1551-1840.<br> | ||
'''Location:''' National Archives | '''Location:''' National Archives (''Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi'') in Istanbul; also referred to as the Prime Ministry Archives.<br> | ||
'''Population coverage:''' 5 to 6%. Apparently includes only non-Muslims. | '''Population coverage:''' 5 to 6%. Apparently includes only non-Muslims. | ||
===Information Recorded in the Records=== | ===Information Recorded in the Records=== | ||
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===Historical Background=== | ===Historical Background=== | ||
In 1867 the Turkish Council of State assumed jurisdiction over all population matters.<br> | In 1867 the Turkish Council of State assumed jurisdiction over all population matters.<br> | ||
In 1874 the Council introduced a law regarding census taking and the establishment of an accurate, permanent registration system covering men, women, and children. This new system merged the headcounts and population registration into a single system. The new system was based on three types of registers; the basic register | In 1874 the Council introduced a law regarding census taking and the establishment of an accurate, permanent registration system covering men, women, and children. This new system merged the headcounts and population registration into a single system. The new system was based on three types of registers; the basic register (esas defter) listing all males with a second column listing the family members; the summary (icmal) listing the total number of people living in each town village or town quarter based on data from the town registers; and the daily events register (yevmiye vukuat) which was to include records of births, marriages, deaths, and migrations into or out of each district.<br> | ||
Various political problems delayed the execution of this system although Türkiye published estimated population figures for 1876/1878.<br> | Various political problems delayed the execution of this system although Türkiye published estimated population figures for 1876/1878.<br> | ||
===Coverage and Compliance=== | ===Coverage and Compliance=== | ||
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These and other cadastral surveys have been published by Turkish archives (Basvekâlet Arsivi and Tapu ve Kadastro umum müdürlügünün in Ankara), including the surveys of 1485, 1497, 1534, 1536, 1571, 1582, and 1591. <br> | These and other cadastral surveys have been published by Turkish archives (Basvekâlet Arsivi and Tapu ve Kadastro umum müdürlügünün in Ankara), including the surveys of 1485, 1497, 1534, 1536, 1571, 1582, and 1591. <br> | ||
It is not possible at this time to determine the extent to which this record exists and has been preserved. Some are kept at the Cadastral Department archives | It is not possible at this time to determine the extent to which this record exists and has been preserved. Some are kept at the Cadastral Department archives (Tapu ve Kadastro Umum Mudurlugu arsivi) in Ankara and Istanbul. Others may be kept at local and provincial archives. None of these records have been acquired by the FamilySearch Library. Access to these records is pretty much limited to those who can visit archives in Türkiye. | ||
===Historical Background=== | ===Historical Background=== | ||
The Cadastral Surveys (1431 to the 20th century) were a land taxation record, census-like in research usage. The Ottoman Turks conducted an extensive survey of land and population in 1431-1432 for taxation purposes. The resulting records are of two types, detailed | The Cadastral Surveys (1431 to the 20th century) were a land taxation record, census-like in research usage. The Ottoman Turks conducted an extensive survey of land and population in 1431-1432 for taxation purposes. The resulting records are of two types, detailed (mufassal) and abridged (icmal). These surveys show a continuing preoccupation with the size of cultivable land and with their revenue. The purpose of these early Ottoman population counts was not to produce an accurate record of the total number of people in the realm. Rather, they were carried out for tax purposes, and their results were recorded in land deed registers (tapu defteri).<br> | ||
After 1715 the regular practice of compiling these statistics collapsed. Nevertheless there must have been some records made becaus | After 1715 the regular practice of compiling these statistics collapsed. Nevertheless there must have been some records made becaus | ||
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In the nineteenth century new considerations dictated a new type of survey and something much more like a true census was introduced in 1830, Census and Population Registers.<br> | In the nineteenth century new considerations dictated a new type of survey and something much more like a true census was introduced in 1830, Census and Population Registers.<br> | ||
After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces | After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces (sancaks) of Bursa and Janina, then empire wide in 1860. | ||
===Coverage and Compliance=== | ===Coverage and Compliance=== | ||
Census-like land surveys (termed yoklamas) were conducted in 1596, 1606, 1672, 1691, 1694, 1698, and 1715.<br> | Census-like land surveys (termed yoklamas) were conducted in 1596, 1606, 1672, 1691, 1694, 1698, and 1715.<br> | ||
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Land surveys, then known as emlak tahriri, continued to be conducted in the 1800s but they were taken separately from the population count.<Br> | Land surveys, then known as emlak tahriri, continued to be conducted in the 1800s but they were taken separately from the population count.<Br> | ||
After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces | After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces (sancaks) of Bursa and Janina, then empire wide in 1860. These and later surveys definitely included names of head of households. Nevertheless, these surveys included, at best, less than 30% of the population. Women and children were rarely listed and remote localities may not have been surveyed. | ||
===Information Recorded in the Registers=== | ===Information Recorded in the Registers=== | ||
Specific information is not available. Early surveys may list names of landholders. Surveys of the 1600s through 1800 provide considerable information about land and revenues but likely contain little information about the inhabitants. After 1800 the surveys provide names of heads of households and of any other taxpayers living in the same household; occupation and income; some from the 1800s may include names of females and children.<br> | Specific information is not available. Early surveys may list names of landholders. Surveys of the 1600s through 1800 provide considerable information about land and revenues but likely contain little information about the inhabitants. After 1800 the surveys provide names of heads of households and of any other taxpayers living in the same household; occupation and income; some from the 1800s may include names of females and children.<br> | ||
After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces | After the Crimean war a cadastral (land) survey was conducted to reestablish the tax base of the empire. This survey was conducted in 1858-1859 in the provinces (sancaks) of Bursa and Janina, then empire wide in 1860. These and later surveys definitely included names of head of households. Neverthelss, these surveys included, at best, less than 30% of the population. Women and children were rarely listed and remote localities may not have been surveyed. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
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