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Türkiye Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions
Türkiye Emigration and Immigration (view source)
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*'''1878-1960''' [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/1518/ UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960], at Ancestry.com, index and images. ($) | *'''1878-1960''' [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/1518/ UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960], at Ancestry.com, index and images. ($) | ||
*'''1890-1960''' [https://www.findmypast.com/search/results?sourcecategory=travel%20%26%20migration&sid=999 Passenger Lists Leaving UK 1890-1960] at Findmypast; index & images, ($) | *'''1890-1960''' [https://www.findmypast.com/search/results?sourcecategory=travel%20%26%20migration&sid=999 Passenger Lists Leaving UK 1890-1960] at Findmypast; index & images, ($) | ||
*'''1892-1924''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?q.anyPlace=turkey&f.collectionId=1368704&m.defaultFacets=on&m.queryRequireDefault=on&m.facetNestCollectionInCategory=on&count=20&offset=0 New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924] Results for | *'''1892-1924''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/record/results?q.anyPlace=turkey&f.collectionId=1368704&m.defaultFacets=on&m.queryRequireDefault=on&m.facetNestCollectionInCategory=on&count=20&offset=0 New York Passenger Arrival Lists (Ellis Island), 1892-1924] Results for Türkiye | ||
*'''1946-1971''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61704/ Free Access: Africa, Asia and Europe, Passenger Lists of Displaced Persons, 1946-1971] Ancestry, free. Index and images. Passenger lists of immigrants leaving Germany and other European ports and airports between 1946-1971. The majority of the immigrants listed in this collection are displaced persons - Holocaust survivors, former concentration camp inmates and Nazi forced laborers, as well as refugees from Central and Eastern European countries and some non-European countries. | *'''1946-1971''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61704/ Free Access: Africa, Asia and Europe, Passenger Lists of Displaced Persons, 1946-1971] Ancestry, free. Index and images. Passenger lists of immigrants leaving Germany and other European ports and airports between 1946-1971. The majority of the immigrants listed in this collection are displaced persons - Holocaust survivors, former concentration camp inmates and Nazi forced laborers, as well as refugees from Central and Eastern European countries and some non-European countries. | ||
*[https://immigrantships.net/index.html Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild] Choose a volume and then choose your country under "Listed by Port of Departure" or "Listed by Port of Arrival". | *[https://immigrantships.net/index.html Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild] Choose a volume and then choose your country under "Listed by Port of Departure" or "Listed by Port of Arrival". | ||
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==Offices and Archives to Contact== | ==Offices and Archives to Contact== | ||
===State Archives=== | ===State Archives=== | ||
'''Presidency of the Republic of | '''Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye'''<br> | ||
Presidency of State Archives<br> | Presidency of State Archives<br> | ||
Gayret Mahallesi 95. Sokak No: 3 06170<br> | Gayret Mahallesi 95. Sokak No: 3 06170<br> | ||
Yenimahalle/ANKARA<br> | Yenimahalle/ANKARA<br> | ||
Türkiye <br> | |||
<br> | <br> | ||
Tel: (0312) 307 90 00 - (0312) 307 86 40<br> | Tel: (0312) 307 90 00 - (0312) 307 86 40<br> | ||
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*[https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?dab Website] | *[https://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/Sayfalar/AnaSayfa.aspx?dab Website] | ||
==Finding the Town of Origin in | ==Finding the Town of Origin in Türkiye== | ||
If you are using emigration/immigration records to find the name of your ancestors' town in | If you are using emigration/immigration records to find the name of your ancestors' town in Türkiye, see [[Türkiye Finding Town of Origin|'''Türkiye Finding Town of Origin''']] for additional research strategies. | ||
== | ==Türkiye Emigration and Immigration== | ||
<span style="color:DarkViolet">'''"Emigration"''' means moving out of a country. '''"Immigration"''' means moving into a country. </span><br> | <span style="color:DarkViolet">'''"Emigration"''' means moving out of a country. '''"Immigration"''' means moving into a country. </span><br> | ||
Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. These sources may be passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, or records of passports issued. The information in these records may include the emigrants’ names, ages, occupations, destinations, and places of origin or birthplaces. Sometimes they also show family groups. | Emigration and immigration sources list the names of people leaving (emigrating) or arriving (immigrating) in the country. These sources may be passenger lists, permissions to emigrate, or records of passports issued. The information in these records may include the emigrants’ names, ages, occupations, destinations, and places of origin or birthplaces. Sometimes they also show family groups. | ||
[[Category:Emigration and Immigration Records]] | [[Category:Emigration and Immigration Records]] | ||
==Immigration into | ==Immigration into Türkiye== | ||
*Historically, the Ottoman Empire was the primary destination for '''Muslim refugees from areas conquered—or re-conquered—by Christian powers''', notably '''Russia in the Caucasus and Black Sea areas, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro (later Yugoslavia) and Romania in the Balkans'''. *Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire was also a popular destination for '''non-Muslim refugees''', the most obvious examples are the '''Sephardic Jews''' given refuge mainly in the 16th century with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal and the '''village of Polonezköy in İstanbul'''. | *Historically, the Ottoman Empire was the primary destination for '''Muslim refugees from areas conquered—or re-conquered—by Christian powers''', notably '''Russia in the Caucasus and Black Sea areas, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro (later Yugoslavia) and Romania in the Balkans'''. *Nonetheless, the Ottoman Empire was also a popular destination for '''non-Muslim refugees''', the most obvious examples are the '''Sephardic Jews''' given refuge mainly in the 16th century with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal and the '''village of Polonezköy in İstanbul'''. | ||
*From the 1930s to 2016, migration added two million Muslims in | *From the 1930s to 2016, migration added two million Muslims in Türkiye. The majority of these immigrants were the '''Balkan Turks who faced harassment and discrimination in their homelands'''. | ||
*New waves of Turks and other Muslims expelled from '''Bulgaria and Yugoslavia''' between 1951 and 1953 were followed to | *New waves of Turks and other Muslims expelled from '''Bulgaria and Yugoslavia''' between 1951 and 1953 were followed to Türkiye by another exodus from Bulgaria in 1983–89, bringing the total of immigrants to nearly ten million people. | ||
*More recently, '''Meskhetian Turks''' have emigrated to | *More recently, '''Meskhetian Turks''' have emigrated to Türkiye from '''the former Soviet Union states''' (particularly in Ukraine - after the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014). | ||
*Many '''Iraqi Turkmen and Syrian Turkmen''' have taken refuge in | *Many '''Iraqi Turkmen and Syrian Turkmen''' have taken refuge in Türkiye due to the '''recent Iraq War (2003-2011) and Syrian Civil War (2011–present). | ||
*After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and '''following the Turkish War of Independence''', an exodus by the large portion of '''Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples''' from the '''Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, 'Circassians', Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks)''' took refuge in '''present-day | *After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and '''following the Turkish War of Independence''', an exodus by the large portion of '''Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples''' from the '''Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, 'Circassians', Chechens), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks)''' took refuge in '''present-day Türkiye'''. | ||
*'''Population exchange between Greece and | *'''Population exchange between Greece and Türkiye''' brought 400,000 Muslims from Greece. In 1923, more than half a million Muslims of various nationalities arrived from Greece as part of the population transfer between Greece and Türkiye (the population exchange was not based on ethnicity, but by religious affiliation; as Türkiye was seen as a Muslim country while Greece was viewed as a Christian country). | ||
*'''Expulsions from Balkans & Russia, 1925-1961:''' After 1925, | *'''Expulsions from Balkans & Russia, 1925-1961:''' After 1925, Türkiye continued to accept Turkic-speaking Muslims as immigrants and did not discourage the emigration of members of non-Turkic minorities. More than 90% of all immigrants arrived from the Balkan countries. Turkey continued to receive large numbers of refugees from former Ottoman territories, until the end of Second World War. | ||
:* | :*Türkiye received 350,000 '''Turks''' between 1923 and 1930. From 1934–45, 229,870 refugees and immigrants came to Türkiye. | ||
:*An agreement made, on September 4, 1936, between Romania and | :*An agreement made, on September 4, 1936, between Romania and Türkiye allowed 70,000 '''Romanian Turks''' to leave the Dobruja region for Türkiye. | ||
:*Between 1935–40, for example, approximately 124,000 '''Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish origin''' emigrated to | :*Between 1935–40, for example, approximately 124,000 '''Bulgarians and Romanians of Turkish origin''' emigrated to Türkiye. | ||
:*Between 1954-56 about 35,000 Muslim Slavs emigrated from '''Yugoslavia'''. An additional 160,000 people '''(mostly Albanians)''' immigrated to | :*Between 1954-56 about 35,000 Muslim Slavs emigrated from '''Yugoslavia'''. An additional 160,000 people '''(mostly Albanians)''' immigrated to Türkiye after the '''establishment of Communist Yugoslavia''' from 1946 to 1961. Since 1961, immigrants from that Yugoslavia amounted to 50,000 people. | ||
:*'''German and Austrian refugees''' escaping from Nazism took refugee in | :*'''German and Austrian refugees''' escaping from Nazism took refugee in Türkiye in the 1930s. Around 800 refugees including university professors, scientists, artists and philosophers, sought asylum in Türkiye between 1933 and 1945. | ||
*Taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 '''Turkish Cypriots''' had left the island for | *Taking into consideration the mass migrations of 1878, the First World War, the 1920s early Turkish Republican era, and the Second World War, overall, a total of approximately 100,000 '''Turkish Cypriots''' had left the island for Türkiye. By 2001, approximately 500,000 Turkish Cypriots were living in Türkiye. | ||
*The "Big Excursion" is the most recent immigration influx was that of '''Bulgarian Turks and Bosniaks'''. In 1989, an estimated 320,000 Bulgarian Turks fled to | *The "Big Excursion" is the most recent immigration influx was that of '''Bulgarian Turks and Bosniaks'''. In 1989, an estimated 320,000 Bulgarian Turks fled to Türkiye to escape a campaign of forced assimilation. As of December 31, 1994, an estimated 20,000 '''Bosniaks''' were living in Türkiye, mostly in the Istanbul area. | ||
*''' | *'''Türkiye's migrant crisis or Türkiye's refugee crisis''' is a period during 2010s characterized by high numbers of people arriving in Türkiye. Reported by UNHCR in 2018, Turkey is hosting 63.4% of all the refugees (from Middle East, Africa, and Afghanistan) in the world. As of 2019, Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Türkiye (3.6 million) are highest "registered" refugees. <ref>"Immigration to Turkey", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Turkey, accessed 5 July 2021.</ref> | ||
==Emigration From | ==Emigration From Türkiye== | ||
*The '''"Turkish diaspora"''' refers to '''ethnic Turkish people''' who have '''migrated from, or are the descendants of migrants from''', | *The '''"Turkish diaspora"''' refers to '''ethnic Turkish people''' who have '''migrated from, or are the descendants of migrants from''', | ||
:*the '''Republic of | :*the '''Republic of Türkiye (mainland Anatolia and Eastern Thrace i.e. the modern Turkish borders)''' or | ||
:*other modern nation-states that were '''once part of the former Ottoman Empire'''. | :*other modern nation-states that were '''once part of the former Ottoman Empire'''. | ||
:::the '''Balkans (such as Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania etc.)''' | :::the '''Balkans (such as Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania etc.)''' | ||
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:::some parts of the '''Arab world (such as Algeria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria)'''. | :::some parts of the '''Arab world (such as Algeria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria)'''. | ||
*In particular, most mainland Turkish migration has been to '''Western and Northern Europe'''. | *In particular, most mainland Turkish migration has been to '''Western and Northern Europe'''. | ||
*Meanwhile, almost all the Turkish minorities in former Ottoman lands have a large diaspora in the Republic of | *Meanwhile, almost all the Turkish minorities in former Ottoman lands have a large diaspora in the Republic of Türkiye. | ||
*The '''Cretan Turks '''have migrated throughout the Levant. | *The '''Cretan Turks '''have migrated throughout the Levant. | ||
*'''Cypriot Turks''' have a significant diaspora in the English-speaking countries '''(especially the UK and Australia). | *'''Cypriot Turks''' have a significant diaspora in the English-speaking countries '''(especially the UK and Australia). | ||