Tennessee Indigenous Peoples: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:{{CherColl}}]]The most prominent early Indian tribes in Tennessee were the Cherokee and the Chickasaw. The Chickasaws claimed most of western Tennessee as their hunting grounds. The Cherokees claimed southeastern Tennessee and northeast Georgia as their homeland. By 1818, the Chickasaws had ceded their land away by treaty to the State of Tennessee. <br><br> | [[Image:{{CherColl}}]]The most prominent early Indian tribes in Tennessee were the Cherokee and the Chickasaw. The Chickasaws claimed most of western Tennessee as their hunting grounds. The Cherokees claimed southeastern Tennessee and northeast Georgia as their homeland. By 1818, the Chickasaws had ceded their land away by treaty to the State of Tennessee. <br><br> | ||
The majority of Cherokees living in Tennessee were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few hid in the mountains bordering Tennessee and North Carolina. "Documenting descent from Native Americans who did not remove from Tennessee is usually a major challenge."<ref>Gale Williams Bamman, CG, "Research in Tennessee," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 2 (Jun. 1993): 111-113. | The majority of Cherokees living in Tennessee were forced to go to the Indian Territory (now a part of Oklahoma) in the 1830s. A few hid in the mountains bordering Tennessee and North Carolina. "Documenting descent from Native Americans who did not remove from Tennessee is usually a major challenge."<ref>Gale Williams Bamman, CG, "Research in Tennessee," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 81, No. 2 (Jun. 1993): 111-113. {{FHL|39597|title-id|disp=FHL&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;nbsp;US/CAN Book 973 B2ng v. 81 (1993)}}.</ref> People suspecting such descent may wish to consider Native American DNA tests, such as those available through [http://www.familytreedna.com/ FamilyTreeDNA] (while being aware of the limitations of such tests). | ||
See [[Indians of Oklahoma|Indians of Oklahoma]] for information about the five civilized tribes and their records in Oklahoma. | See [[Indians of Oklahoma|Indians of Oklahoma]] for information about the five civilized tribes and their records in Oklahoma. | ||
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For a map showing tribe lands in Tennessee, see: | For a map showing tribe lands in Tennessee, see: | ||
*''Aboriginal Map of Tennessee''. Signal Mountain, Tennessee: Mountain Press, 1996. (Family History Library map | *''Aboriginal Map of Tennessee''. Signal Mountain, Tennessee: Mountain Press, 1996. (Family History Library map {{FHL|976.8 E7a|disp=976.8 E7a}}.) This map shows the location of American Indian towns and shows when forts, towns, and stations were created by white settlers. Purchase at [http://reevesmaps.com/map_catalog_TN.htm ReevesMaps.com]. | ||
*Myer, William E. ''Indian Trails of the Southeast''. Nashville, Blue & Gray Press, 1971. (Family History Library Book 970.1 M992i.) This indexed book predominently covers the area south of Washington, D.C. and east of the Mississippi River and includes a removable map of trails specific to early Tennessee.<br> | *Myer, William E. ''Indian Trails of the Southeast''. Nashville, Blue & Gray Press, 1971. (Family History Library Book 970.1 M992i.) This indexed book predominently covers the area south of Washington, D.C. and east of the Mississippi River and includes a removable map of trails specific to early Tennessee.<br> | ||
*Reeves, Charles A. ''The Cherokee Lands Included in the Sycamore Shoals Agreement'' (1775). Purchase at [http://reevesmaps.com/map_catalog_original.htm ReevesMaps.com]. | *Reeves, Charles A. ''The Cherokee Lands Included in the Sycamore Shoals Agreement'' (1775). Purchase at [http://reevesmaps.com/map_catalog_original.htm ReevesMaps.com]. | ||
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For a history of Indians in Tennessee, see: | For a history of Indians in Tennessee, see: | ||
*Satz, Ronald N. and Tennessee Historical Commission. ''Tennessee's Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540-1840''. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. | *Satz, Ronald N. and Tennessee Historical Commission. ''Tennessee's Indian Peoples: From White Contact to Removal, 1540-1840''. Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. {{FHL|287862|title-id|disp=FHL US/CAN Book 970.1 Sa84t}}. | ||
*Williams,, Samuel Cole, editor. ''Adair's History of the American Indians.'' By James Adair. Microfilm of reprint published: Nashville, Tennessee: National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee, 1953. Original published: Johnson City, Tennessee: Watauga Press, 1930. This is an account of Adair's expeditions and associations with the principal tribes of the Indians of the Southeast United States spanning 30 years in the mid-1700's. This annotated edition is indexed and contains a reproduction of the original title page, London, 1775. (FHL US/CAN Film 1320683, Item 2.) | *Williams,, Samuel Cole, editor. ''Adair's History of the American Indians.'' By James Adair. Microfilm of reprint published: Nashville, Tennessee: National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in Tennessee, 1953. Original published: Johnson City, Tennessee: Watauga Press, 1930. This is an account of Adair's expeditions and associations with the principal tribes of the Indians of the Southeast United States spanning 30 years in the mid-1700's. This annotated edition is indexed and contains a reproduction of the original title page, London, 1775. (FHL US/CAN Film 1320683, Item 2.) | ||
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[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices. | [[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices. | ||
The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Tennessee has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library | The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Tennessee has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library {{FHL|247426|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551o}}.)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL {{FHL|207428|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551g}}.)</ref>, and others. | ||
*[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]] | *[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]] | ||
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There are many sources with information about the Cherokees; for example: | There are many sources with information about the Cherokees; for example: | ||
*Allen, Maud Bliss. ''Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls.'' Washington, DC, N.p., 1935. (Family History Library book | *Allen, Maud Bliss. ''Census Records and Cherokee Muster Rolls.'' Washington, DC, N.p., 1935. (Family History Library book {{FHL|45151|title-id|disp=970.3 C424am}}; film {{FHL|45151|title-id|disp=908999}} item 2.) This contains the Cherokee census of 1835 of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The record also includes Cherokee muster rolls for 1834, 1837, and 1838. | ||
*Finger, John R. ''The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819–1900''. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. (Family History Library book | *Finger, John R. ''The Eastern Band of Cherokees, 1819–1900''. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press, 1984. (Family History Library book {{FHL|373786|title-id|disp=970.3 C424f}}.) The record includes a bibliography, maps, and an index. | ||
*Blankenship, Bob. ''Cherokee Roots''. Two Volumes. Cherokee, North Carolina: B. Blankenship, 1992. (Family History Library book | *Blankenship, Bob. ''Cherokee Roots''. Two Volumes. Cherokee, North Carolina: B. Blankenship, 1992. (Family History Library book {{FHL|970.3 C424bL|disp=970.3 C424bL}} 1992.) <blockquote></blockquote>*Volume 1 has rolls of Cherokees east of the Mississippi for the years 1817; 1818–1835; 1848; 1851; 1869; 1883; 1908; 1909; and 1924.<blockquote></blockquote>*Volume 2 lists Cherokees west of the Mississippi from rolls prepared in the years 1851; 1852; 1898–1914. | ||
The name of the person and the roll number are given. A transcript of the 1851 list is also in ''The Eastern Cherokees: A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia in 1851'', described below. | The name of the person and the roll number are given. A transcript of the 1851 list is also in ''The Eastern Cherokees: A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia in 1851'', described below. | ||
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'''1835: '''Lists were made by white census takers in 1835 of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Anyone who was at least one-fourth Indian was considered Indian. See: | '''1835: '''Lists were made by white census takers in 1835 of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Anyone who was at least one-fourth Indian was considered Indian. See: | ||
*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.'' Washington, DC: National Archives, 1960. (Family History Library film | *United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.'' Washington, DC: National Archives, 1960. (Family History Library film {{FHL|833322|film|disp=833322}}.) This census lists heads of families; their residence; and the number of males, females, and slaves in the household. | ||
*Tyner, James W. ''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Chicago, Illinois 1974. (Family History Library book | *Tyner, James W. ''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Chicago, Illinois 1974. (Family History Library book {{FHL|970.3 C424tj|disp=970.3 C424tj}}.) Entries list heads of households; number of full-bloods, half-breeds, quarter-bloods, or whites in the home; occupations; number of slaves; whether they read English or Cherokee; or if they owned property. The book is indexed and has maps of the period. There are some errors because census takers did not understand the native languages. | ||
For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835 in the Tennessee area, see: | For a history of the Cherokees to about 1835 in the Tennessee area, see: | ||
*Malone, Henry Thompson. ''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition''. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1956. (Family History Library book | *Malone, Henry Thompson. ''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition''. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1956. (Family History Library book {{FHL|81182|title-id|disp=970.3 C424ma}}.) See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography. | ||
'''1851: '''A list of the Cherokees living in Tennessee in 1851 is: | '''1851: '''A list of the Cherokees living in Tennessee in 1851 is: | ||
*Siler, David W. ''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.'' Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. (Family History Library book | *Siler, David W. ''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.'' Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. (Family History Library book {{FHL|60983|title-id|disp=970.3 C424sd}}.) It contains the names of all family members, with their ages and relationship, for De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties. An index is included. | ||
Some additional Cherokee records that you might find useful are: | Some additional Cherokee records that you might find useful are: | ||
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Chickamauga Cherokee Indian Nation (Oklahoma). ''Application for Chickamauga Tribal Enrollment.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992, 1997. (On 19 Family History Library films beginning with 1597951.) This source contains vital records certificates, pedigree charts, family group sheets, and numerous miscellaneous records. | Chickamauga Cherokee Indian Nation (Oklahoma). ''Application for Chickamauga Tribal Enrollment.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992, 1997. (On 19 Family History Library films beginning with 1597951.) This source contains vital records certificates, pedigree charts, family group sheets, and numerous miscellaneous records. | ||
*United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Cherokee Agency. ''Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835''. National Archives Microfilm Publication, M0208. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1952. | *United States Bureau of Indian Affairs. Cherokee Agency. ''Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835''. National Archives Microfilm Publication, M0208. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1952.{{FHL|285733|title-id|disp=(Family History Library films 1024418–31.)}} These records deal with the entire Cherokee nation. They contain information about passes for whites who wanted to pass through Cherokee lands from 1801–1804; claims filed 1816–1833; Army officers at posts; unauthorized settlements on Indian lands; land office records; names of traders, settlers, missionaries, chiefs, and members of the tribe. An introduction on the first microfilm describes the contents of these records. | ||
*United States Office of Indian Affairs. ''Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880''. National Archives Microfilm Publication, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. (On 1088 | *United States Office of Indian Affairs. ''Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880''. National Archives Microfilm Publication, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. (On 1088 {{FHL|403528|title-id|disp=Family History Library films beginning with 1638620}}.) These letters, pertaining to each of the major tribes, contain many names but are not indexed. | ||
'''Reference''' | '''Reference''' | ||
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TENNESSEE - NATIVE RACES | TENNESSEE - NATIVE RACES | ||
*Chickamauga Tribal Enrollment 6 films Family History Library 1st | *Chickamauga Tribal Enrollment 6 films Family History Library 1st {{FHL|544141|title-id|disp=film 1597951}} | ||
== Online Links == | == Online Links == | ||