Cherokee Nation: Difference between revisions

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Sequoya (George Grist) a mixed blood, developed the Cherokee alphabet, helping to make the tribe a literate people.  
Sequoya (George Grist) a mixed blood, developed the Cherokee alphabet, helping to make the tribe a literate people.  


In the 1830s gold was discovered in their Nation, this became a catalyst for removal. With the signing of the Treaty of New Echota, December 29, 1835 the tribe sold their remaining land and agreed to move west of the Mississippi.  
In the 1830s gold was discovered in their Nation, this became a catalyst for removal. With the signing of the Treaty of New Echota (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_New_Echota Wikipedia] for more information), December 29, 1835 the tribe sold their remaining land and despite much tribe disapproval, were moved west of the Mississippi.  


The removal to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) occurred in the winter of 1838-1839, with an 800 mile journey, this became known as the "Trail of Tears", with a loss of one-fourth of their tribe. They joined an earlier group known as "old settlers" who had been in Arkansas. Another group that had been in Mexico (Texas) was forced by government troops to move, they went to the mountains of North Carolina where in 1842, they obtained permission to stay. The Texas group are now a part of the Eastern Band of Cherokee.  
The removal to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) occurred in the winter of 1838-1839, with an 800 mile journey, this became known as the "Trail of Tears", with a loss of one-fourth of their tribe. They joined an earlier group known as "old settlers" who had been in Arkansas. Another group that had been in Mexico (Texas) was forced by government troops to move, they went to the mountains of North Carolina where in 1842, they obtained permission to stay. The Texas group are now a part of the Eastern Band of Cherokee.  
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In 1870 some [[Delaware Indians|Delaware]] and [[Shawnee Indians|Shawnee]] from [[Indians of Kansas|Kansas]] were admitted to the tribe.  
In 1870 some [[Delaware Indians|Delaware]] and [[Shawnee Indians|Shawnee]] from [[Indians of Kansas|Kansas]] were admitted to the tribe.  


There are three band of Cherokee recognized by the Federal government; Cherokee Nation, [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina|Eastern Band of Cherokee]], and [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma|United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee]]  
There are three band of Cherokee recognized by the Federal government; Cherokee Nation, [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of North Carolina|Eastern Band of Cherokee]], and [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma|United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee]]


==Brief Timeline==
==Brief Timeline==
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*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, T0496. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|284332|item|disp=FS Library film 833322}}
*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. ''Census Roll, 1835, of the Cherokee Indians East of the Mississippi and Index to the Roll, Tennessee, Alabama, North Carolina, Georgia.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, T0496. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1960. {{FSC|284332|item|disp=FS Library film 833322}}


*Siler, David W. ''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.'' Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS Library book 970.3 C424sd}} This list contains the names of each person’s father, mother and children, with their ages and relationship (De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties). An index is included.
*Siler, David W. ''The Eastern Cherokees, A Census of the Cherokee Nation in North Carolina, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia in 1851.'' Cottonport, Louisiana: Polyanthus, 1972. {{FSC|60983|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424sd}} This list contains the names of each person’s father, mother and children, with their ages and relationship (De Kalb, Jackson, and Marshall Counties). An index is included.


*Malone, Henry Thompson. ''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition''. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS Library book 970.3 C424ma}} See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography.
*Malone, Henry Thompson. ''Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition''. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1956. {{FSC|81182|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424ma}} See the maps before the preface. At the end of the book there is a bibliography.


*''Cherokee scion''. Nelson, Karleen Emmrich and Nelson, Eugene P. Emmrich Publishing, March 2005. Online at:[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/37018-cherokee-scion?offset=2 FamilySearch Digital Library].
*''Cherokee scion''. Nelson, Karleen Emmrich and Nelson, Eugene P. Emmrich Publishing, March 2005. Online at:[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/37018-cherokee-scion?offset=2 FamilySearch Digital Library].
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*United States. Office of Indian Affairs. ''Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0018, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. {{FSC|403528|item|disp=FS Library film 1638620 (first of 1088 films)}} There are letters in this collection pertaining to each of the major tribes, but they are not indexed.
*United States. Office of Indian Affairs. ''Letters Received, 1824–1881; Registers of Letters Received, 1824–1880.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0018, M0234. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1942, 1956. {{FSC|403528|item|disp=FS Library film 1638620 (first of 1088 films)}} There are letters in this collection pertaining to each of the major tribes, but they are not indexed.


*Tyner, James W. ''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835''. N.p.: Chi-ga-u, 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS Library book 970.3 C424tj}} Non-Cherokee census takers in 1835 made lists of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. There are some errors because they did not understand the native languages. The government defined a person as an Indian if he or she had one-quarter degree of Indian blood. The book is indexed and has excellent maps for that period.<br>
*Tyner, James W. ''Those Who Cried: The 16,000: A Record of the Individual Cherokees Listed in the United States Official Census of the Cherokee Nation Conducted in 1835''. N.p.: Chi-ga-u, 1974. {{FSC|438530|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424tj}} Non-Cherokee census takers in 1835 made lists of Cherokees in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. There are some errors because they did not understand the native languages. The government defined a person as an Indian if he or she had one-quarter degree of Indian blood. The book is indexed and has excellent maps for that period.<br>


==Jurisdictions==
==Jurisdictions==
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*'''1835''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170714171241/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~itcherok/genealogy/rolls-census.htm Cherokee Nation]
*'''1835''' [https://web.archive.org/web/20170714171241/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~itcherok/genealogy/rolls-census.htm Cherokee Nation]
*1835 Henderson Roll (Eastern Cherokee) (most detailed census) enumerated 16,000 Cherokees residing in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee. [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/284332 Film: 833322]<br>
*1835 Henderson Roll (Eastern Cherokee) (most detailed census) enumerated 16,000 Cherokees residing in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina and Tennessee. {{FSC|284332|item|disp=Film: 833322}}<br>
*'''1835, 1837, 1838''' Cherokee Muster Rolls (Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee) {{FSC|908999|disp=Film: 908999}} Item 2
*'''1835, 1837, 1838''' Cherokee Muster Rolls (Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee) {{FSC|908999|disp=Film: 908999}} Item 2
*'''1848''' [http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=387&Itemid=582 Mullay Roll] Census of Cherokees remaining in North Carolina.
*'''1848''' [http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=387&Itemid=582 Mullay Roll] Census of Cherokees remaining in North Carolina.
*'''1848-1970''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61907/ U.S., Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation Rolls, 1848-1970] Ancestry - index & images, ($)
*'''1848-1970''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61907/ U.S., Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation Rolls, 1848-1970] Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1851''' [http://www.tngennet.org/cherokee_by_blood/chapman.htm Chapman Roll]
*'''1851''' [http://www.tngennet.org/cherokee_by_blood/chapman.htm Chapman Roll]
*'''1851''' [https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/drennen-rolls.htm Drennen Roll] (Eastern Cherokees who came west after 1835) {{FSC|924606|disp=Film: 924606}} item 5
*'''1851''' [https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/drennen-rolls.htm Drennen Roll] (Eastern Cherokees who came west after 1835) {{FSC|924606|disp=Film: 924606}} item 5
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<br>  
<br>  


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
|-
! scope="col" |'''Tribe'''
! scope="col" |'''Tribe'''
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*''The Cherokee Phoenix'', 1828-1835. {{FSC|825726|disp=Film: 825726}}
*''The Cherokee Phoenix'', 1828-1835. {{FSC|825726|disp=Film: 825726}}
*''Cherokee Advocate'', October 1844-September 1846, {{FSC|989202|disp=Film: 989202}} item 7
*''Cherokee Advocate'', October 1844-September 1846, {{FSC|989202|disp=Film: 989202}} item 7
*[https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/260726 ''Cherokee One Feather''], 1969-1973.
*{{FSC|260726|item|disp=''Cherokee One Feather''}}, 1969-1973.
*Probate Records 1892-1908, Northern District Cherokee Nation by Orpha Jewell Wever {{FSC|976.6 P2w|disp=Book: 976.6 P2w}} <br>
*Probate Records 1892-1908, Northern District Cherokee Nation by Orpha Jewell Wever {{FSC|976.6 P2w|disp=Book: 976.6 P2w}} <br>


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===Citizenship===
===Citizenship===


* '''1880''' [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/785232 Cherokee citizenship documents, 1880.] Oklahoma Historical Society Indian Archives Division.
* '''1880''' {{FSC|785232|item|disp=Cherokee citizenship documents, 1880.}} Oklahoma Historical Society Indian Archives Division.


==Enrollment Records==
==Enrollment Records==
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Find out if you are a [https://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m2104.pdf Cherokee] by having your ancestor's name checked to the 1924 Baker Roll.  
Find out if you are a [https://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m2104.pdf Cherokee] by having your ancestor's name checked to the 1924 Baker Roll.  


''Only the Names Remain''. by Sandi Garrett {{FSC|684750|item|disp=FS Library book 970.3 C424gs Vol 1-6 }}
''Only the Names Remain''. by Sandi Garrett {{FSC|684750|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.3 C424gs Vol 1-6 }}


==Removal==
==Removal==
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*Cherokee Emigration Rolls, 1817-1835. by Jack D. Baker. {{FSC|58571|item|disp= FS Library Book: 970.3 C424be}}
*Cherokee Emigration Rolls, 1817-1835. by Jack D. Baker. {{FSC|58571|item|disp= FS Library Book: 970.3 C424be}}
*Lists of North Carolina Cherokee who removed to the Cherokee Nation West, Cherokee (Tahlequah). Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division {{FSC|77891|item|disp= FS Library film 1666295 item 3 }}
*Lists of North Carolina Cherokee who removed to the Cherokee Nation West, Cherokee (Tahlequah). Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division {{FSC|77891|item|disp= FS Library film 1666295 item 3 }}
*Garrett,Sandi. ''AKA Also Known As''. Cherokee and Pioneer names they were known by before and after the forced removal {{FSC|669764|item|disp=FS Library book 9703 424ak}} '''These books link the Drennen Roll (1851) and the Guion Miller (1906-1910) Applications together to help establish family connections.'''  
*Garrett,Sandi. ''AKA Also Known As''. Cherokee and Pioneer names they were known by before and after the forced removal {{FSC|669764|item|disp=FS Catalog book 9703 424ak}} '''These books link the Drennen Roll (1851) and the Guion Miller (1906-1910) Applications together to help establish family connections.'''  
*"Indexes to Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers who Served During the Cherokee Disturbances and Removal in Organizations From the State of Tennessee and the Field and Staff of the Army of the Cherokee Nation" (NARA M908) ({{FSC|1205384|disp=FS Library film 1205384}}) ([http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17249016 Worldcat]) The compiled service records have not been microfilmed.
*"Indexes to Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers who Served During the Cherokee Disturbances and Removal in Organizations From the State of Tennessee and the Field and Staff of the Army of the Cherokee Nation" (NARA M908) ({{FSC|1205384|disp=FS Library film 1205384}}) ([http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17249016 Worldcat]) The compiled service records have not been microfilmed.
 
{{Block indent|The above collection is also available online:}}
:The above collection is also available online:  
<ul style="margin-left:3.2em;">
:*[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61592/ U.S. Army Indian Campaign Service Records Index, 1815-1858] (Ancestry) ($)
<li>[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/61592/ U.S. Army Indian Campaign Service Records Index, 1815-1858] (Ancestry) ($)</li>
 
</ul>
*The [https://okhistory.pastperfectonline.com/ Oklahoma Historical Society] site and research center has excellent information on Indian Removal, Census, Freedman Resources, Tribes in Oklahoma, Timelines for the removal of the Cherokee tribe and more.
*The [https://okhistory.pastperfectonline.com/ Oklahoma Historical Society] site and research center has excellent information on Indian Removal, Census, Freedman Resources, Tribes in Oklahoma, Timelines for the removal of the Cherokee tribe and more.
*1835 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears]
*1835 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/trail_of_tears.htm Trail of Tears]
*''Cherokee Removal:  The Journal of Rev. Daniel S. Butrick''. by Trail of Tears Association. FS Library book 970.3 Cv424bds
*''Cherokee Removal:  The Journal of Rev. Daniel S. Butrick''. by Trail of Tears Association. FS Library book 970.3 Cv424bds
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==Correspondence==
==Correspondence==


{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
|-
! scope="col" |'''Tribe'''
! scope="col" |'''Tribe'''
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The year link (year of the treaty) will connect to an online copy of the treaty.  
The year link (year of the treaty) will connect to an online copy of the treaty.  


During the latter part of the 18th Century and most of the 19th Century, treaties were negotiated between the federal government and individual native tribes. The treaties provide helpful information about the history of the tribe, but usually only include the names of those persons who signed the treaty. For more information about treaties, [[American Indian Treaties with the United States|click here]].  
During the latter part of the 18th Century and most of the 19th Century, treaties were negotiated between the federal government and individual native tribes. The treaties provide helpful information about the history of the tribe, but usually only include the names of those persons who signed the treaty. See [[American Indian Treaties with the United States]] for more more information about treaties.  


Treaties to which the Cherokee Indians were a part were:  
Treaties to which the Cherokee Indians were a part were:  
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==Indian Pioneer Papers==
==Indian Pioneer Papers==


In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here." <ref>Blackburn, Bob L. "Battle Cry for History: The First Century of the Oklahoma Historical Society." n.d. Oklahoma Historical Society. 5 Oct. 1998.</ref> The [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/ University of Oklahoma Western History Collection] has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. <ref>The University of Oklahoma Western History Collections http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/</ref> An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at [http://www.okgenweb.org/pioneer/ OKGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy.] A separate index of Native Americans interviewed, including the Cherokee, may be viewed at: [http://goodoowah.50megs.com/indpio/ “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers”] Some of the surnames from the Cherokee tribe found in the collection are: Adair (Rider), Anderson, Beaver, Brewer, Bohanan, Burch (Choate), Campbell, Candy, Chambers (Ketcher), Coodey, Crutchfield (Lane), Daniels (Cummins), Daughtery (Morris), Drew, Dugan, Duncan, Harlan (James), Keys (Porter), Ketcher (Langley), Langley, Lynch, Marcham, McClure (Keith), Miller (Watts), Morris, Phillips (Keith), Rider (Howland), Ross, Rutherford (Rider), Starr, Vann, West (Spring). FS Library microfiche number: 6,016,865 (first fiche number)<br>  
In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here." <ref>Blackburn, Bob L. "Battle Cry for History: The First Century of the Oklahoma Historical Society." n.d. Oklahoma Historical Society. 5 Oct. 1998.</ref> The [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/ University of Oklahoma Western History Collection] has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. <ref>The University of Oklahoma Western History Collections http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/</ref> An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at [http://www.okgenweb.net/pioneer/ OKGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy.] A separate index of Native Americans interviewed, including the Cherokee, may be viewed at: [http://goodoowah.50megs.com/indpio/ “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers”] Some of the surnames from the Cherokee tribe found in the collection are: Adair (Rider), Anderson, Beaver, Brewer, Bohanan, Burch (Choate), Campbell, Candy, Chambers (Ketcher), Coodey, Crutchfield (Lane), Daniels (Cummins), Daughtery (Morris), Drew, Dugan, Duncan, Harlan (James), Keys (Porter), Ketcher (Langley), Langley, Lynch, Marcham, McClure (Keith), Miller (Watts), Morris, Phillips (Keith), Rider (Howland), Ross, Rutherford (Rider), Starr, Vann, West (Spring). FS Library microfiche number: 6,016,865 (first fiche number)<br>  


===FamilySearch Library===
===FamilySearch Library===
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The following is a FS Library book which is an ebook and may be downloaded.  
The following is a FS Library book which is an ebook and may be downloaded.  


[https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/365633 ''Martha Jane (Thornton) Williams (1842-1918), Indian History and Genealogy''].
{{FSC|365633|item|disp=''Martha Jane (Thornton) Williams (1842-1918), Indian History and Genealogy''}}.


==Websites==
==Websites==
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*Cherokee Native Americans http://cherokeenativeamericans.blogspot.com
*Cherokee Native Americans http://cherokeenativeamericans.blogspot.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170714171241/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~itcherok/genealogy/rolls-census.htm Cherokee Nation Indian Territory Research]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170714171241/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~itcherok/genealogy/rolls-census.htm Cherokee Nation Indian Territory Research]
*Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, [https://www.fivecivilizedtribes.org/Cherokee.html Cherokee History]


==For Further Reading==
==For Further Reading==


For background information to help find Native American ancestors see [[American Indian For Further Reading|'''For Further Reading''']].  
*See [[United States Indigenous Peoples For Further Reading|United States Indigenous Peoples For Further Reading]].  
 
*United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. [[Cherokee Indian Agency (Tennessee)|Cherokee Agency]]. ''Records of the Cherokee Agency in Tennessee, 1801–1835.'' National Archives Microfilm Publications, M0208. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1952. {{FSC|285733|item|disp=FS Library films 1024418–31}} These records deal with the entire Cherokee Nation. They contain information about passes given to people during 1801 to 1804 allowing them to go through the Cherokee lands. These records also mention claims filed 1816 to 1833 and include the names of Army officers at posts; unauthorized settlements on Indian lands; land office records; and names of traders, settlers, missionaries, chiefs, and members of the tribe. See the introduction at the beginning of the first film to learn about the contents of these records. Many individuals are listed, however there is no index.
'''See also:'''
 
*[[Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll]]
*[[The U.S. Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll]]
*[[Dawes Commission Enrollment Records]]
*[[Dawes Commission Enrollment Records for Five U.S. Indian Tribes]]
*[[American Indian Enrollment Records]]


==References==
==References==
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