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| colspan="4" bgcolor="#cc99ff" |<center>'''Number of Slaves in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{ | | colspan="4" bgcolor="#cc99ff" |<center>'''Number of Slaves in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FSC|281281|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | ||
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By '''1860''', when there were nearly twice as many slaves in the state as there had been 70 years earlier, counties with more than '''10,000''' slaves were [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle]], [[Bedford County, Virginia|Bedford]], [[Campbell County, Virginia|Campbell]], [[Caroline County, Virginia|Caroline]], [[Dinwiddie County, Virginia|Dinwiddie]], [[Fauquier County, Virginia|Fauquier]], [[Halifax County, Virginia|Halifax]], [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico]], [[Louisa County, Virginia|Louisa]], [[Mecklenburg County, Virginia|Mecklenburg]], and [[Pittsylvania County, Virginia|Pittsylvania]]. Counties with more than '''7500''' slaves were: [[Amelia County, Virginia|Amelia]], [[Brunswick County, Virginia|Brunswick]], [[Buckingham County, Virginia|Buckingham]], [[Charlotte County, Virginia|Charlotte]], [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield]], [[Hanover County, Virginia|Hanover]], [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk]], and [[Spotsylvania County, Virginia|Spotsylvania]].<ref name="no" /> | By '''1860''', when there were nearly twice as many slaves in the state as there had been 70 years earlier, counties with more than '''10,000''' slaves were [[Albemarle County, Virginia|Albemarle]], [[Bedford County, Virginia|Bedford]], [[Campbell County, Virginia|Campbell]], [[Caroline County, Virginia|Caroline]], [[Dinwiddie County, Virginia|Dinwiddie]], [[Fauquier County, Virginia|Fauquier]], [[Halifax County, Virginia|Halifax]], [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico]], [[Louisa County, Virginia|Louisa]], [[Mecklenburg County, Virginia|Mecklenburg]], and [[Pittsylvania County, Virginia|Pittsylvania]]. Counties with more than '''7500''' slaves were: [[Amelia County, Virginia|Amelia]], [[Brunswick County, Virginia|Brunswick]], [[Buckingham County, Virginia|Buckingham]], [[Charlotte County, Virginia|Charlotte]], [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield]], [[Hanover County, Virginia|Hanover]], [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk]], and [[Spotsylvania County, Virginia|Spotsylvania]].<ref name="no" /> | ||
Edmund S. Morgan's ''American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia'' (1975) ({{ | Edmund S. Morgan's ''American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia'' (1975) ({{FSC|488327|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 H6m}}) is considered one of the best histories of enslaved blacks in Virginia. | ||
==1619-1865: Period of slavery== | ==1619-1865: Period of slavery== | ||
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Morales and Valaitis indexed slaves in '''birth registers''' across the state for the period 1853 to 1865: | Morales and Valaitis indexed slaves in '''birth registers''' across the state for the period 1853 to 1865: | ||
*Morales, Leslie Anderson and Ada Valaitis. ''Virginia Slave Births Index, 1853-1865.'' 5 vols. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007. {{ | *Morales, Leslie Anderson and Ada Valaitis. ''Virginia Slave Births Index, 1853-1865.'' 5 vols. Westminster, Md.: Heritage Books, 2007. {{FSC|1408659|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 V22v v. 1-5}}. | ||
The Library of Virginia has a collection titled '''Public claims, slaves and free blacks, 1781-1865'''. The collection contains tax records for free blacks and slaves, records of condemned blacks who were executed or transported out of state, and records of runaway slaves who were caught and whose owners could not be found. The runaway slaves became the property of the state and were sold to new owners. Copies are available on microfilm at the Family History Library: {{ | The Library of Virginia has a collection titled '''Public claims, slaves and free blacks, 1781-1865'''. The collection contains tax records for free blacks and slaves, records of condemned blacks who were executed or transported out of state, and records of runaway slaves who were caught and whose owners could not be found. The runaway slaves became the property of the state and were sold to new owners. Copies are available on microfilm at the Family History Library: {{FSC|783095|item|disp=FS Library Films 2027937-2027942}}.<br> | ||
'''African American Families Database online''' The Central Virginia History Researchers (CVHR) has now released the [http://www.centralvirginiahistory.org/index.shtml ''African-American Families Database''] online. The first stage of this website provides a template for researchers trying to locate specific African- Americans who lived between circa 1850 and 1880. This period is particularly challenging for African-American family research because of the difficulty in relating ante-bellum and post-bellum records. The two plantations on which the website currently focuses are Hydraulic Plantation (5 miles north of Charlottesville, Va.), and the Bleak House Plantation (9 miles northwest of Charlottesville Va.).The site contains information on the plantations and information on the enslaved people living on these two plantations. The site also contains a blog focusing on the activities of the CVHR group, and details about the Database project. | '''African American Families Database online''' The Central Virginia History Researchers (CVHR) has now released the [http://www.centralvirginiahistory.org/index.shtml ''African-American Families Database''] online. The first stage of this website provides a template for researchers trying to locate specific African- Americans who lived between circa 1850 and 1880. This period is particularly challenging for African-American family research because of the difficulty in relating ante-bellum and post-bellum records. The two plantations on which the website currently focuses are Hydraulic Plantation (5 miles north of Charlottesville, Va.), and the Bleak House Plantation (9 miles northwest of Charlottesville Va.).The site contains information on the plantations and information on the enslaved people living on these two plantations. The site also contains a blog focusing on the activities of the CVHR group, and details about the Database project. | ||
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[[Image:Runaway slave ad.jpg|right|300px|Runaway slave ad.jpg]] Names of hundreds of runaway slaves, their descriptions, owners, and ages appeared in '''newspapers'''. They have been published and can be found in: <br><br> | [[Image:Runaway slave ad.jpg|right|300px|Runaway slave ad.jpg]] Names of hundreds of runaway slaves, their descriptions, owners, and ages appeared in '''newspapers'''. They have been published and can be found in: <br><br> | ||
*Windley, Lathan A., comp. ''Runaway Slave Advertisements''. 4 vols. (Virginia and North Carolina) Wesport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. {{ | *Windley, Lathan A., comp. ''Runaway Slave Advertisements''. 4 vols. (Virginia and North Carolina) Wesport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983. {{FSC|419052|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 F2wL}}. For Virginia, see volume one. | ||
*[http://people.uvawise.edu/runaways/ Virginia Runaways<br>] | *[http://people.uvawise.edu/runaways/ Virginia Runaways<br>] | ||
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'''Virginia Plantation Records''' Occasionally, slaves are mentioned in plantation records. The [https://www.familysearch.org/family-history-library/welcome-to-the-family-history-library Family History Library] has several series of plantation records from the periods before and after the Civil War. These are listed in the Author/Title Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under the STAMPP, KENNETH M. or in the Subject Search under PLANTATION LIFE - VIRGINIA or PLANTATION LIFE - SOUTHERN STATES. Records are available at: {{Wikipedia|List of plantations in Virginia}} | '''Virginia Plantation Records''' Occasionally, slaves are mentioned in plantation records. The [https://www.familysearch.org/family-history-library/welcome-to-the-family-history-library Family History Library] has several series of plantation records from the periods before and after the Civil War. These are listed in the Author/Title Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under the STAMPP, KENNETH M. or in the Subject Search under PLANTATION LIFE - VIRGINIA or PLANTATION LIFE - SOUTHERN STATES. Records are available at: {{Wikipedia|List of plantations in Virginia}} | ||
*'''Library of Congress''': inventory, {{ | *'''Library of Congress''': inventory, {{FSC|566380|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. C}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|560814|item|disp=FS Library Film 1534247}}. | ||
*'''University of Virginia Library''': inventory, {{ | *'''University of Virginia Library''': inventory, {{FSC|566400|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. E}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|560817|item|disp=FS Library Film 1534274}}. | ||
*'''Duke University Library''': inventory, {{ | *'''Duke University Library''': inventory, {{FSC|566404|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. F}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|564185|item|disp=FS Library Film 1549774}}. | ||
*'''University of North Carolina Library at Chapel Hill''': inventory, {{ | *'''University of North Carolina Library at Chapel Hill''': inventory, {{FSC|378952|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. J}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|369857|item|disp=FS Library Film 1672791}}. | ||
*'''Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library''': inventory, {{ | *'''Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library''': inventory, {{FSC|746232|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. K}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|746349|item|disp=FS Library Film 1844005}}. These records are from the Shirley plantation of the Carter family. | ||
*'''College of William and Mary, Earl Gregg Swem Library''': inventory, {{ | *'''College of William and Mary, Earl Gregg Swem Library''': inventory, {{FSC|752557|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. L}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|752644|item|disp=FS Library Film 1844318}}. | ||
*'''Virginia Historical Society''': inventory, {{ | *'''Virginia Historical Society''': inventory, {{FSC|754137|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2sm Ser. M}}; original records, films beginning with {{FSC|752708|item|disp=FS Library Film 1985945}}. | ||
The '''Family History Library''' has microfilms of most of the records described in the guide booklets. Virginia plantation records are scattered throughout. | The '''Family History Library''' has microfilms of most of the records described in the guide booklets. Virginia plantation records are scattered throughout. | ||
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[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/voices/ Voices from the Days of Slavery], made possible by the Library of Congress, includes free audio files of interviews with former slaves from Albemarle, Essex, Westmoreland counties and the cities of Norfolk and Petersburg. | [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/voices/ Voices from the Days of Slavery], made possible by the Library of Congress, includes free audio files of interviews with former slaves from Albemarle, Essex, Westmoreland counties and the cities of Norfolk and Petersburg. | ||
Volume 16 of ''The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography'' (1941) includes Virginia narratives:{{ | Volume 16 of ''The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography'' (1941) includes Virginia narratives:{{FSC|61226|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 F2aa series 2 v. 16}}.<br> | ||
[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/70541 Charles L. Perdue, Thomas E. Barden and Robert K. Phillips, eds. ''Weevils in the Wheat: interviews with Virginia ex-slaves.''Charlottesville,Virginia: University Pres of Virginia, 1976. FHL 975.5 F2w] | [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/70541 Charles L. Perdue, Thomas E. Barden and Robert K. Phillips, eds. ''Weevils in the Wheat: interviews with Virginia ex-slaves.''Charlottesville,Virginia: University Pres of Virginia, 1976. FHL 975.5 F2w] | ||
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Black Loyalists during the Revolution resettled in British Canada after the War concluded. | Black Loyalists during the Revolution resettled in British Canada after the War concluded. | ||
In the early 1800s, approximately 500,000 Virginia slaves were forcibly moved to the Deep South.<ref name="ison" /> The firm of Franklin & Armfield in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria, Va.]] was responsible for transporting many of Virginias slaves to the Deep South in what has been dubbed "Slavery's Trail of Tears."<ref>Edward Ball, "Slavery's Trail of Tears," ''Smithsonian'' (Nov 2015):58-82.</ref>Dorothy Williams Potter in ''Passports of Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823'' ({{ | In the early 1800s, approximately 500,000 Virginia slaves were forcibly moved to the Deep South.<ref name="ison" /> The firm of Franklin & Armfield in [[Alexandria, Virginia|Alexandria, Va.]] was responsible for transporting many of Virginias slaves to the Deep South in what has been dubbed "Slavery's Trail of Tears."<ref>Edward Ball, "Slavery's Trail of Tears," ''Smithsonian'' (Nov 2015):58-82.</ref>Dorothy Williams Potter in ''Passports of Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823'' ({{FSC|265121|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 W4p}}) identifies some white families that took slaves with them from Virginia to the territories that are now [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]], [[Florida Genealogy|Florida]], [[Louisiana Genealogy|Louisiana]], [[Mississippi Genealogy|Mississippi]], and [[Missouri, United States Genealogy|Missouri]]. | ||
===Legislation=== | ===Legislation=== | ||
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'''Slavery Legislation.''' To learn about the laws that affected Virginia slaves, see: | '''Slavery Legislation.''' To learn about the laws that affected Virginia slaves, see: | ||
*Finkelman, Paul. ''State Slavery Statutes: Guide to the Microfiche Collection.'' Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1989. {{ | *Finkelman, Paul. ''State Slavery Statutes: Guide to the Microfiche Collection.'' Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1989. {{FSC|744709|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 F23s}}. Pages 317-56 pertain to Virginia and cover the years 1789-1865. The advertisements are indexed. The records list the names of many slaves and slave owners. | ||
[http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/laws.html The Geography of Slavery in Virginia] includes a list of Virginia slave laws, references to slaves in the House of Burgesses Journals, and other documents. | [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/laws.html The Geography of Slavery in Virginia] includes a list of Virginia slave laws, references to slaves in the House of Burgesses Journals, and other documents. | ||
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| colspan="4" bgcolor="#cc99ff" |<center>'''Number of Free People of Color in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{ | | colspan="4" bgcolor="#cc99ff" |<center>'''Number of Free People of Color in Virginia'''<ref name="no">Includes modern-day West Virginia and part of the District of Columbia. ''Ninth Census of the United States: Statistics of Population, Tables I to VIII Inclusive'' (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872), 70, 72. Digital version at [http://archive.org/stream/ninthcensusunit00offigoog#page/n72/mode/1up Internet Archive]; {{FSC|281281|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 X2pcu}}; William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):325. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref></center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Example of registers that have been published: | Example of registers that have been published: | ||
*Boyd-Rush, Dorothy A. ''Free Negroes Registered in the Clerk's Office, '''Botetourt County, Virginia''', 1802-1836''. Athens, Georgia: Iberian Pub. Co., 1993. {{ | *Boyd-Rush, Dorothy A. ''Free Negroes Registered in the Clerk's Office, '''Botetourt County, Virginia''', 1802-1836''. Athens, Georgia: Iberian Pub. Co., 1993. {{FSC|636067|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 A1 no. 305}}. | ||
*Ford, Benjamin. ''Free Black Registers, ''<nowiki/>'''<i>Albemarle County</i>''' (1807-1865). Available [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/fbr/About.shtml online]. | *Ford, Benjamin. ''Free Black Registers, ''<nowiki/>'''<i>Albemarle County</i>''' (1807-1865). Available [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/fbr/About.shtml online]. | ||
*Hudgins, Dennis. '''''Surry County, Virginia'''''<i>Register of Free Negroes</i>. Richmond, Va.: Viginia Genealogical Society, 1995. {{ | *Hudgins, Dennis. '''''Surry County, Virginia'''''<i>Register of Free Negroes</i>. Richmond, Va.: Viginia Genealogical Society, 1995. {{FSC|704453|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5562 F2h}}.<br> | ||
*Kegley, Mary B. ''Free People of Colour: Free Negroes, Indians, Portuguese and Freed Slaves''. Wytheville, Virginia: Kegley Books, 2003. {{ | *Kegley, Mary B. ''Free People of Colour: Free Negroes, Indians, Portuguese and Freed Slaves''. Wytheville, Virginia: Kegley Books, 2003. {{FSC|1234067|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 F2kf}}; digital version at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/383287-free-people-of-colour-free-negroes-indians-portuguese-and-freed-slaves?offset=1 Family History Archives]. ('''Augusta, Carroll, Giles, Lee, Montgomery, Pulaski, Russell, Washington, '''and '''Wythe counties'''.)<br> | ||
{{FreeNegro}}Black families freed prior to 1820 have been reconstructed in: <br><br> | {{FreeNegro}}Black families freed prior to 1820 have been reconstructed in: <br><br> | ||
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A good history to read on the subject is: | A good history to read on the subject is: | ||
*Russell, John Henderson. ''The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865''. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1913. Digital version at [http://archive.org/details/freenegro00russrich Internet Archive]. 1969 reprint: {{ | *Russell, John Henderson. ''The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619-1865''. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1913. Digital version at [http://archive.org/details/freenegro00russrich Internet Archive]. 1969 reprint: {{FSC|233767|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 F2r}}.<br> | ||
===Migrations Out of Virginia=== | ===Migrations Out of Virginia=== | ||
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The signature registers for these branches are listed in: | The signature registers for these branches are listed in: | ||
*Freedman's Savings and Trust Company (Washington, DC) 1865-1874. ''Registers of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company, 1865-1874''. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1969. Digital version {{RecordSearch|1417695|online}}; also on film: {{ | *Freedman's Savings and Trust Company (Washington, DC) 1865-1874. ''Registers of Signatures of Depositors in Branches of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company, 1865-1874''. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1969. Digital version {{RecordSearch|1417695|online}}; also on film: {{FSC|133425|item|disp=FS Library Film 928591}}. In each city, depositors' names are arranged by account number. | ||
Two valuable sources for the period after the Civil War are: | Two valuable sources for the period after the Civil War are: | ||
#United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. ''Records of the Superintendent of Education for the State of Virginia,'' Bureau of Refugees, ''Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870.'' Washington, DC: National Archives, 1977. {{ | #United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. ''Records of the Superintendent of Education for the State of Virginia,'' Bureau of Refugees, ''Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870.'' Washington, DC: National Archives, 1977. {{FSC|589352|item|disp=FS Library Films 1549578-97}}. Most volumes are indexed. | ||
#United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. ''Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Virginia,'' Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1988. {{ | #United States. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. ''Records of the Assistant Commissioner for the State of Virginia,'' Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1869. Washington, DC: National Archives, 1988. {{FSC|588804|item|disp=FS Library Films 1601562-628}}. There are several indexes. | ||
'''Freedmen's Bureau Virginia Marriages ca. 1815-1866'''--Names of thousands of former slaves are included in these records. A free index can be viewed at {{RecordSearch|1414908|FamilySearch Record Search}}. Records may include the name of the bride and groom, date of marriage registration, residence, previous marriages, names and ages of children. | '''Freedmen's Bureau Virginia Marriages ca. 1815-1866'''--Names of thousands of former slaves are included in these records. A free index can be viewed at {{RecordSearch|1414908|FamilySearch Record Search}}. Records may include the name of the bride and groom, date of marriage registration, residence, previous marriages, names and ages of children. | ||
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Some additional transcribed records are available at [http://freedmensbureau.com/ Freedmen's Bureau.com]. | Some additional transcribed records are available at [http://freedmensbureau.com/ Freedmen's Bureau.com]. | ||
Biographies of prominent Virginia African Americans have been published. For example, a list of blacks who held public office during Reconstruction is available in: {{ | Biographies of prominent Virginia African Americans have been published. For example, a list of blacks who held public office during Reconstruction is available in: {{FSC|206297|item|disp=''Negro Office Holders in Virginia, 1865-1895''}}, by Luther Porter Jackson. The Black History Committee of The Friends of the Thomas Balch Library prepared two volumes titled ''The Essence of a People: Portraits of African Americans Who Made a Difference in Loudoun County, Virginia'' (2001-2002). {{FSC|1851278|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.528 F2f}}. | ||
'''Library of Virginia's [https://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/aan/search-the-narrative Virginia Untold] Collection''' includes digitized records pertaining to African Americans including bills of sale, certificates of importation, cohabitation registers, colonization registers, commonwealth causes, correspondence, coroner's inquisitions, deeds of emancipation, election records, fiduciary records, Free Negro registrations and tax records, freedmen's contracts, freedom suits, indentures of apprenticeship, judgements, legislative petitions, petitions for re-enslavement, petitions to remain in the commonwealth, public claims, requisitions for public use, and runaway slave records for Virginia counties and independent cities. | '''Library of Virginia's [https://www.virginiamemory.com/collections/aan/search-the-narrative Virginia Untold] Collection''' includes digitized records pertaining to African Americans including bills of sale, certificates of importation, cohabitation registers, colonization registers, commonwealth causes, correspondence, coroner's inquisitions, deeds of emancipation, election records, fiduciary records, Free Negro registrations and tax records, freedmen's contracts, freedom suits, indentures of apprenticeship, judgements, legislative petitions, petitions for re-enslavement, petitions to remain in the commonwealth, public claims, requisitions for public use, and runaway slave records for Virginia counties and independent cities. | ||
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