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In England fee-paying schools are often misleadingly called "public" schools. Their registers and other records are discussed separately in the article [[Public Schools and their Records|Public Schools and their Records]].  
In England fee-paying schools are often misleadingly called "public" schools. Their registers and other records are discussed separately in the article [[Public Schools and their Records|Public Schools and their Records]].  


[[Image:England Schools - Chesire.jpg|thumb|349x261px]]<br>
[[Image:England Schools - Chesire.jpg|thumb|349x261px]]<br>  


=== Voluntary Schools  ===
=== Voluntary Schools  ===
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Although these "voluntary" schools were often intended to provide a free education, or one for which only very small fees were charged, many masters were obliged, for financial reasons, to take additional pupils on a fee-paying basis. Some such schools flourished and developed into the fee-paying boarding schools, grammar schools and "public schools" described elsewhere, but others degenerated into little more than elementary schools of a basic nature and were taken over by local education authorities in the 19th century, whilst yet others declined and disappeared altogether in the 18th and 19th centuries.  
Although these "voluntary" schools were often intended to provide a free education, or one for which only very small fees were charged, many masters were obliged, for financial reasons, to take additional pupils on a fee-paying basis. Some such schools flourished and developed into the fee-paying boarding schools, grammar schools and "public schools" described elsewhere, but others degenerated into little more than elementary schools of a basic nature and were taken over by local education authorities in the 19th century, whilst yet others declined and disappeared altogether in the 18th and 19th centuries.  


In 1698 the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK), founded that year, commenced a programme on a national scale to build and develop charity schools for poor children, including girls. In the first thirty years of the 18th century the SPCK had helped to create 1,500 schools, including many in south Wales and the remoter parts of Scotland. The printed reports of the Society give information about the progress made but there are no records of pupils surviving from this period.  
In 1698 the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge (SPCK), founded that year, commenced a programme on a national scale to build and develop charity schools for poor children, including girls. In the first thirty years of the 18th century the SPCK had helped to create 1,500 schools, including many in south Wales and the remoter parts of Scotland. The printed reports of the Society give information about the progress made but there are no surviving records of pupils from this period.  


At the same time dissenting academies sprang up in the 17th and 18th centuries and gave a somewhat broader education than the basic teaching of reading, writing and the casting of accounts, their students sometimes going on to the Scottish universities or even to those overseas.  
At the same time dissenting academies sprang up in the 17th and 18th centuries and gave a somewhat broader education than the basic teaching of reading, writing and the casting of accounts, their students sometimes going on to the Scottish universities or even to those overseas.  
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The use of monitors to assist in the teaching of large numbers of children developed at the end of the 18th century. At about the same time the teaching of children in Sunday schools commenced and rapidly became extremely widespread. The returns of the [[1851 Census Places of Worship|1851 Religious Census]] showed that by then some two-thirds of all children were attending Sunday schools to learn the basics of reading and writing as well as of religion.  
The use of monitors to assist in the teaching of large numbers of children developed at the end of the 18th century. At about the same time the teaching of children in Sunday schools commenced and rapidly became extremely widespread. The returns of the [[1851 Census Places of Worship|1851 Religious Census]] showed that by then some two-thirds of all children were attending Sunday schools to learn the basics of reading and writing as well as of religion.  


By the end of the 19th century over six million children received some education in this way, but, again, practically no records survive. There are a few exceptions, as the enormous registers (now at [http://www.stockport.gov.uk/services/leisureculture/libraries/?view=Standard Stockport Central Library]) kept by the former Sunday School at Stockport testify. Stockport Sunday School catered for 3,000 children. The un-indexed registers 1789-1920 show names and ages (Registers for the Stockport Sunday School, Cheshire, 1790-1877). <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=534993&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=Registers+for+the+Stockport+Sunday+Schoo%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Film 1655276-77, 1655501, 1655501 it2, 1655457-58] (Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmed by the GSU, 1990)</ref>&nbsp; Many families sent generation after generation of children to Sunday school, the age range for admission at Stockport being from three years to late teenage.  
By the end of the 19th century over six million children received some education in this way, but, again, practically no records survive. There are a few exceptions, as the enormous registers (now at [http://www.stockport.gov.uk/services/leisureculture/libraries/?view=Standard Stockport Central Library]) kept by the former Sunday School at Stockport testify. Stockport Sunday School catered for 3,000 children. The un-indexed registers 1789-1920 show names and ages (Registers for the Stockport Sunday School, Cheshire, 1790-1877). <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=534993&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=Registers+for+the+Stockport+Sunday+Schoo%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Film 1655276-77, 1655501, 1655501 it2, 1655457-58] (Salt Lake City, Utah : Filmed by the GSU, 1990)</ref>&nbsp; Many families sent generation after generation of children to Sunday school, the age range for admission at Stockport being from three years to late teenage.  


=== Literacy  ===
=== Literacy  ===
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=== School Records  ===
=== School Records  ===


[[Image:England_School_house_old.jpg|thumb|right|322x245px|Old School House, St Nicolas' Lane, Old Shoreham]]The majority of schools for which records survive are those taken over by the local education authorities in 1902 (but see also the note on National Society schools above). Although most schools after 1870 kept an admission register, not all have survived. As mentioned above they usually show, under the date of entry, the child's name and address and his or her date of birth. Some registers, but not all, also show the name and occupation of the parent or guardian, the name of the previous school attended and the reason for leaving.  
[[Image:England School house old.jpg|thumb|right|322x245px]]The majority of schools for which records survive are those taken over by the local education authorities in 1902 (but see also the note on National Society schools above). Although most schools after 1870 kept an admission register, not all have survived. As mentioned above they usually show, under the date of entry, the child's name and address and his or her date of birth. Some registers, but not all, also show the name and occupation of the parent or guardian, the name of the previous school attended and the reason for leaving.  


A very few school log books are found from the 1840s, but in 1862 the elementary schools, which received government grants, were required to maintain daily (from 1871, weekly) logs in which the head teacher was to record the "ordinary progress" of the school. Schools without a certificated head teacher and thus not qualifying for a grant, and those where the buildings did not meet government standards, were not required to keep logs. Partly for this reason, not many survive prior to about 1870.  
A very few school log books are found from the 1840s, but in 1862 the elementary schools, which received government grants, were required to maintain daily (from 1871, weekly) logs in which the head teacher was to record the "ordinary progress" of the school. Schools without a certificated head teacher and thus not qualifying for a grant, and those where the buildings did not meet government standards, were not required to keep logs. Partly for this reason, not many survive prior to about 1870.  
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=== Bibliography  ===
=== Bibliography  ===


Pamela Horn, ''The Victorian and Edwardian Schoolchild ''(Alan Sutton, 1989). <ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22273014/editions WorldCat]</ref><br>Colin R. Chapman, ''The growth of British education and its records ''(Dursley: Lochin Publishing, 2nd edn. 1996) <ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28747778/editions WorldCat]</ref> <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=509497&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=The+growth+of+British+education+and+its+%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Book 942 J2cr"] (Dursley, Gloucestershire : Lochin Publishing, c1991)</ref>[Family History LIbrary book [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=833962&disp=The+growth+of+British+education+and+its+%20%20&columns=*,0,0 942 J2cr]].<br>Colin R. Chapman, ''Using Education Records ''(Federation of Family History Societies, 1999)&nbsp;<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42622830 WorldCat]</ref> <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=833170&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=Using+education+records%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Book 942 J27c'] (Ramsbottom, Lancashire : Federation of Family History Societies Publications, c1999)</ref><br>[Adapted from Anthony Camp's article 'Schools and their records: Part 2' in ''Practical Family History'' (UK), no. 68 (August 2003) pages 8-10.<br>
Pamela Horn, ''The Victorian and Edwardian Schoolchild ''(Alan Sutton, 1989). <ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22273014/editions WorldCat]</ref><br>Colin R. Chapman, ''The growth of British education and its records ''(Dursley: Lochin Publishing, 2nd edn. 1996) <ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28747778/editions WorldCat]</ref> <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=509497&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=The+growth+of+British+education+and+its+%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Book 942 J2cr"] (Dursley, Gloucestershire : Lochin Publishing, c1991)</ref>[Family History LIbrary book [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=833962&disp=The+growth+of+British+education+and+its+%20%20&columns=*,0,0 942 J2cr]].<br>Colin R. Chapman, ''Using Education Records ''(Federation of Family History Societies, 1999)&nbsp;<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42622830 WorldCat]</ref> <ref>[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;titleno=833170&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;disp=Using+education+records%20%20&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 "FHLC Book 942 J27c'] (Ramsbottom, Lancashire : Federation of Family History Societies Publications, c1999)</ref><br>[Adapted from Anthony Camp's article 'Schools and their records: Part 2' in ''Practical Family History'' (UK), no. 68 (August 2003) pages 8-10.<br>  


=== Websites  ===
=== Websites  ===
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== References  ==
== References  ==


<references />
<references />  


{{Place|England}}
{{Place|England}}
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