Colombia Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions

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 == Immigration  ==
+*Colombia has experienced little foreign influence or immigration.
+*Immigration began to Colombia in 1499 with the Conquistadors. The town of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién, established in 1510 was one of the first settlements on mainland America. In 1533, '''Cartegena''' was founded and soon became the hub for immigration to Colombia.
+*Immigration was tightly controlled by Spain. Immigration laws provided for the admission of persons who did not jeopardize the social order for personal, ethnic, or racial reasons.
+*Most immigrants were Spanish; specifically, '''Andalusians in the largest numbers, and then Basques (Basques settled largely in the Antioquia region)''',
+*Those who entered from abroad came as individuals or in small family units.
+*In 1953, the Institute of Land Settlement and Immigration was set up to direct the colonization of the '''underdeveloped regions of the country''' and was given the power to organize immigration for this purpose.
+*After World War II, Colombia encouraged the immigration of '''skilled technicians." a
+*In 1958, procedures were specified for the admission of '''refugees'''. Little was done, however, to implement these measures.
+*There are several identifiable ethnic groups of foreign origin in Colombia, all of them small.
+:*The '''Jewish''' population was small but constant since colonial times, although in the 1980s many of them emigrated because of widespread kidnapping for ransom. Early Jewish settlers were converted Jews, known as '''Marranos''', from Spain.
+:*There was a '''constant trickle of Spanish immigrants''', many of them members of the '''clergy'''.
+*Residents from the '''United States''' were mainly in '''business or missionary work'''.
+*'''Germans, Italians, and Lebanese--usually referred to as Turks (turcos) or Syrians because they came from the Christian Lebanese part of Syria that formerly belonged to Turkey'''--were active in commerce, particularly in the '''port cities of Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Buenaventura.'''
+*'''Germans,''' as well as other foreigners, found acceptance in the upper class and frequently married into the white group.
+*Some Lebanese married into the Guajira Indian tribe, but immigrants generally were most closely associated with the white upper class, which was generally receptive to ties with foreigners.
-Colombia has experienced little foreign influence or immigration. During the colonial period, Spain discouraged the admission of non-Spaniards into the colonies. After independence there were few economic attractions for immigrants. Civil wars were another deterrent. The country generally lacked a clear policy on immigration but never favored it on a large scale. Those who entered from abroad came as individuals or in small family units. Immigration laws provided for the admission of persons who did not jeopardize the social order for personal, ethnic, or racial reasons. In 1953 the Institute of Land Settlement and Immigration was set up to direct the colonialization of the underdeveloped regions of the country and was given the power to organize immigration for this purpose. After World War II, Colombia encouraged the immigration of skilled technicians, and in 1958 procedures were specified for the admission of refugees. Little was done, however, to implement these measures.
-There are several identifiable ethnic groups of foreign origin in Colombia, all of them small. The Jewish population was small but constant since colonial times, although in the 1980s many of them emigrated because of widespread kidnapping for ransom. There was a constant trickle of Spanish immigrants, many of them members of the clergy. Residents from the United States were mainly in business or missionary work. Germans, Italians, and Lebanese--usually referred to as Turks (turcos) or Syrians because they came from the Christian Lebanese part of Syria that formerly belonged to Turkey--were active in commerce, particularly in the port cities of Barranquilla, Cartagena, and Buenaventura.
-Germans, as well as other foreigners, found acceptance in the upper class and frequently married into the white group. Some Lebanese married into the Guajira Indian tribe, but immigrants generally were most closely associated with the white upper class, which was generally receptive to ties with foreigners.
-== Early Colonial Immigration  ==
-Immigration began to Colombia in 1499 with the Conquistadors. The town of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darién, established in 1510 was one of the first settlements on mainland America. In 1533, Cartegena was founded and soon became the hub for immigration to Colombia. Immigration was tightly controlled by Spain, and most immigrants were Spanish; specifically, Andalusians in the largest numbers, and then Basques (Basques settled largely in the Antioquia region), although Castilians were the most influential in the government. Early Jewish settlers were converted Jews, known as Marranos, from Spain.<br>
 === African Slavery  ===
-Cartagena was also the main trade center for slavery, beginning in the very year it was founded (in 1533) although slaves were first brought in to Colombia in 1504. Between the 16th and first half of the 19th century, the slave trade flourished. Cartagena received more than 60% of the traffic destined for the Virreinato Peruano. Still, the relatively slow economic growth and development in Colombia may have contributed to overall less harsh and exploitative forms of slavery in many parts of Colombia than in the French and English sugar islands. For example, masters who treated their slaves cruelly were liable for punishment. In Colombia, a slave was able and allowed to testify in court on matters of maltreatment and other legalities, and often did so. In fact, the first recorded case of manumission in the Americas, occurred in 1757 in Colombia. However, the relative mildness of Colombian slavery was probably guided as much by pragmatic factors as ideological ones. In many areas, slaves constituted a substantial part of the total population, even outnumbering their masters, which prompted slave owners to treat slaves humanely to prevent revolt. Furthermore, the unpopulated hinterlands provided slaves with a fairly accessible escape route, which slave owners obviously wanted to prevent at all cost. In 1821 a free-birth law was enacted, and in 1852 all slaves were emancipated. Thousands of documents related to the history of the slave trade in Latin America are held by the National Archives of Colombia and Cuba and are available online through their websites. This is the link to the Colombian site: [http://negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe]. Another interesting resource for historical perspective is "Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias" by Margaret M. Olsen which examines the Jesuit priest Alonso de Sandoval's important 1627 missionary history--the only existing published document that deals with Africans in the Americas at such an early date.<br>
+*Cartagena was also the main trade center for slavery. Between the 16th and first half of the 19th century, the slave trade flourished.
+*Masters who treated their slaves cruelly were liable for punishment. In Colombia, a slave was able and allowed to testify in court on matters of maltreatment and other legalities, and often did so.
+*In 1821, a free-birth law was enacted, and in 1852 all slaves were emancipated. Thousands of documents related to the history of the slave trade in Latin America are held by the National Archives of Colombia and Cuba and are available online through their websites. This is the link to the Colombian site: [http://negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe negrosyesclavos.archivogeneral.gov.co/portal/apps/php/indexes.kwe]. Another interesting resource for historical perspective is "Slavery and Salvation in Colonial Cartagena de Indias" by Margaret M. Olsen which examines the Jesuit priest Alonso de Sandoval's important 1627 missionary history--the only existing published document that deals with Africans in the Americas at such an early date.<br>
-Today, 10.6% of the population identify as Afro-Colombians and are of mixed-race descent known as either mulattos (European and African) or zambos (African and Amerindian) or often all three.<br>
+*Today, 10.6% of the population identify as Afro-Colombians and are of mixed-race descent known as either mulattos (European and African) or zambos (African and Amerindian) or often all three.<br>
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