Germany Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions

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 '''1914 to 1945'''. Even though the quota system reduced German emigration to the U.S. significantly, it did not stop entirely. Emigrants included political dissenters, Jews, and others who were uncomfortable with post World War I developments.
-===Passenger Departure Lists===
-The earliest German emigrants went down the Rhine River and left Europe from Rotterdam in the Netherlands. As passenger traffic increased, Dutch, Belgian, French, and Danish ports were used. From 1850 to 1891, 41 percent of German and east European emigrants left via the port of Bremen (Germany), 30 percent via Hamburg (Germany), 16 percent via Le Havre (France), 8 percent via Antwerp (Belgium), and 5 percent via several ports in the Netherlands. For further information see [https://books.google.com/books?id=9NS5WYRGCLAC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=German+Ports:+Gateway+to+America&source=bl&ots=rMI9aSrGAa&sig=qAVEJK0Qei0hExqhrhWLrr1VbFs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt4faV_NrNAhXD7oMKHWQYDBMQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=German%20Ports%3A%20Gateway%20to%20America&f=false German Ports: Gateway to America] by Raymond Wright III.
-Only a few Germans emigrated from other European ports. Southern and western Germans tended to emigrate through the ports of Bremen or Le Havre. Northern and eastern Germans tended to leave through Hamburg.
-The records of departures from these ports are called passenger lists. Information given in passenger lists varies but usually includes the emigrant's name, age, occupation, last residence or birthplace, and destination. The records also name the ship and the date of departure. The most significant passenger departure lists for German emigrants are from the following ports:
-'''Bremen.''' The port of Bremen was a major point of embarkation for emigrations during the 19th and 20th centuries. German nationals and inhabitants from Austria, Hungary, and other Central European nations emigrated from the port of Bremen. Unfortunately, the passenger departure lists for the port of Bremen were destroyed. Some passenger lists between 1920 and 1939 survive. They can be accessed at [http://www.passengerlists.de www.passengerlists.de]. For more information see the [[Bremen Emigration/Immigration|Bremen Emigration]] wiki page. The passenger lists for 1847 to 1871 have been partially reconstructed. Some 20 to 25 percent of the Bremen passengers arriving at New York during this time period are indexed with their place of origin in the source below:
-Zimmerman, Gary J., and Marion Wolfert. ''German Immigrants: Lists of Passengers Bound from Bremen to New York''. Four Volumes. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Genealogical Publishing, 1985, 1986, 1988,1993 ([https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/295798 FamilySearch Catalog book 974.71 W3g])
-An early commercial partner with Bremen was the port at Baltimore, Maryland. Many Germans going to America through Bremen landed in Baltimore. The Baltimore passenger arrival lists are indexed.
-'''Hamburg'''. The most significant surviving passenger departure lists are from Hamburg. The original departure records for Hamburg are at the state archive [Staatserchiv] in Hamburg. Every emigrant from every country who left from Hamburg between 1850 and 1934 should be on these passenger lists. See the [[Hamburg Passenger Lists|Hamburg Passenger List]] section.
-Most importantly, these lists show each passenger’s hometown, and the lists are indexed. The Hamburg Passenger List indexes are being put online. See:
-*[http://www.germanroots.com/hamburg.html The Hamburg Passenger Departure Lists 1850-1934]
-For most years, the index is handwritten in gothic script and alphabetized only by the first letter of the surname. A separate index of departures was created each year. There is also a compiled fifteen-year index for 1856 to 1871. The passenger lists themselves are alphabetical from 1850 to 1855.
-The Hamburg passenger list records and indexes have been microfilmed and are available at the Family History Library. They are listed in the Place Search of the catalog under:
-GERMANY, HAMBURG, HAMBURG
-EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
-'''Le Havre'''. The only lists available for the French port of Le Havre are lists of crews and passengers on commercial cargo vessels. Passenger vessels are not included. A few German emigrants are included in these records, but most Germans who sailed from Le Havre are not recorded. These lists are not indexed. The Family History Library has filmed the Le Havre commercial cargo vessel passenger lists for the years 1750 to 1886. The film numbers are listed in the Place Search of the catalog under:
-FRANCE, SEINE-MARITIME, LE HAVRE BUSINESS
-RECORDS AND COMMERCE
-'''Antwerp'''. The library has only the passenger lists of emigrants who sailed from Antwerp in 1855. This year is only a small percentage of the total. Many German emigrants sailed from this port. The following is an index to the Antwerp passenger lists:
-Hall, Charles M. ''The Antwerp Emigration Index''. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA: Heritage International, 1983?. ([https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/354411 FamilySearch Catalog book Ref 949.3 W22h]) The Library also has registers of foreign nationals residing in Antwerp prior to Emigration: Vreemdelingendossiers, 1840-1930; indexed.
-'''Netherlands'''. The Family History Library has [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=155353&query=%2Bplace%3A%22Netherlands%2C%20Zuid-Holland%2C%20Rotterdam%22&subjectsOpen=721200-50 copies of passenger lists] for the port of Rotterdam. However, most German travel through Dutch ports was before 1820. Pre-1807 Philadelphia port arrivals include many Germans who left via Dutch ports (see Strassburger and Hinke's book, listed later in this section).
-'''Copenhagen'''. The library has the passenger lists of emigrants from Copenhagen [København], Denmark, from 1868 to 1940. Only a few Germans appear on these lists, which are alphabetical for intervals of one to five years. The film numbers are in the Place Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under:
-DENMARK, KØBENHAVN, KØBENHAVN EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION
 ==Passports==