Brazil Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions

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 ==Background==
+*After 1530, the '''Portuguese'''' started to settle in Brazil in significant numbers.
-*'''1530-1755''' The Portuguese sent prisoners, degredados (exiles) or indesejáveis (undesirables) to Brazil.
+*By 1550, the colonists started to bring '''African slaves'''.
-*'''1530-1808''' The Portuguese limited immigration to Brazil to Portuguese nationals.
+*From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in the 18th century alone.
-*'''1808''' Brazil opened immigration to individuals from any country.
+*In the 18th century, large waves of Portuguese settled the country, in the wake of the discovery of gold in the region of Minas Gerais.
-*'''1890''' In response to the freeing of the slave population, plantation owners (fazendeiros) created the Sociedade Promotora de Imigração (Society for the Promotion of Emigration) to promote immigration, leading to an increased European immigration to Brazil.
+*From 1550 to 1850, some 4 million slaves were brought to Brazil. The average survival of an African slave in Brazil was merely seven years after arrival.T he natural growth of the slave population was always very small.
-*'''1808-1940''' Immigrants came from over 50 nations, mainly Portugal, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Japan, Russia, France, Spain, Turkey, the British Isles, and other South American countries. Many settled in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Rio de Janeiro.
+*In the early 19th century, Brazil was mainly composed of people of three different origins: ''''the indigenous inhabitants, the Portuguese and their descendants, the Africans and descendants, and, naturally, people of varying degrees of "racial" mixture'''.
-*'''1865-1870s''' Thousands of Southerners from the United States emigrated to Brazil. Most settled in Amazonas, Espírito Santo, and São Paulo, establishing rural colonies. Most of these colonies failed and the settlers returned to the United States.
+*Maria Stella Ferreira Levy suggests the following periodization of the process of immigration to Brazil:
+:*1820–1876: small number of immigrants (about 6,000 per year), predominance of Portuguese (45.73%), with significant numbers of Germans (12.97%);
+:*1877–1903: large number of immigrants (about 71,000 per year), predominance of Italians (58.49%);
+:*1904–1930: large number of immigrants (about 79,000 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (36.97%);
+:*1931–1963: declining number of immigrants (about 33,500 per year), predominance of the Portuguese (38.45%).
+*From 1824, immigrants from Central Europe started to populate what is nowadays the region of São Leopoldo, in the province of Rio Grande do Sul. These German immigrants were mainly "oppressed peasants and former soldiers of the army of Napoleon".
+*Between 1820 and 1876, 350,117 immigrants entered Brazil. Of these, 45.73% were Portuguese, 35.74% of "other nationalities", '''12.97% Germans''', while '''Italians and Spanish together did not reach 6%'''. The total number of immigrants per year averaged 6,000. Many immigrants, particularly the Germans, were brought to settle in rural communities as small landowners. '''They received land, seed, livestock and other items to develop.'''
 ==Passenger Lists==