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*Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence. <ref>"Algeria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria#French_colonization_(1830%E2%80%931962), accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | *Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence. <ref>"Algeria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria#French_colonization_(1830%E2%80%931962), accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | ||
===Cuba=== | |||
====Cuba Background==== | |||
*The first wave of French immigrants to arrive in Cuba were fleeing the '''Haitian Revolution''' and the new governmental administration of Haiti after independence was declared. This immigration reached its peak between 1800 and 1809, when more than twenty-seven thousand French of all social classes arrived in the eastern part of Cuba. Many of them emigrated to the city of Santiago de Cuba, which had neither sidewalks nor paved streets, and lacked drinking water, supplies and dwellings for the refugees. | |||
*The beginning of the Peninsular War (1807–1814) between France and Spain caused the Captaincy General of the island to '''expel Franco-Haitian and French residents''', and only those French who were naturalized Spanish citizens and had assimilated into the Spanish culture were allowed to remain. The exact number of French persons expelled from Santiago de Cuba is unknown, most of them moved to the southern United States, especially '''Louisiana'''. | |||
*In 1814, when peace between France and Spain was restored, the French immigrants who had left Cuba were allowed to return to the island. They, together with '''new French immigrants''', formed a second wave of French immigration to Santiago de Cuba. | |||
*Between 1818 and 1835, a third wave of immigration to Santiago de Cuba occurred, prompted by '''a royal order from the Spanish Crown''' intended to increase the proportion of whites in the Cuban population. | |||
*The fourth and final wave of French immigrants to Santiago de Cuba occurred between 1836 and 1868. In this period over '''2200 French settlers emigrated, most of them coming from the Atlantic coast of France'''. The local economy was strengthened while the immigrants were absorbed into traditional occupations. In 1851, a French-owned steamship line was inaugurated to improve communications between Santiago de Cuba and New York City.<ref>"French immigration to Cuba", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_immigration_to_Cuba, accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | |||
===Puerto Rico=== | ===Puerto Rico=== | ||
====Puerto Rico Online Records==== | ====Puerto Rico Online Records==== | ||