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*During the late 19th and early 20th century, the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments, especially after 1900. | *During the late 19th and early 20th century, the European share was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments, especially after 1900. | ||
*Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence. <ref>"Algeria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria#French_colonization_(1830%E2%80%931962), accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | *Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from France. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the Algerian War began. The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence. <ref>"Algeria", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria#French_colonization_(1830%E2%80%931962), accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | ||
===Puerto Rico=== | |||
====Puerto Rico Online Records==== | |||
*'''1807-1880''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/600202?availability=Family%20History%20Library Extranjeros (Foreigners in Puerto Rico), ca 1807-1880] '''Use the camera icon links in the Film/Digital Notes''' in addition to the red link at the top. That link only covers 1815-1845. | |||
*'''1815-1845''' {{RecordSearch|1919700|Puerto Rico Records of Foreign Residents, 1815-1845}} | |||
*'''1816-1837''' [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/607158?availability=Family%20History%20Library Emigrados, 1816-1837] Nineteenth-century Puerto Rican emigration records; documents in the "Gobernadores Españoles" collection of the Puerto Rico General Archive. | |||
====Puerto Rico Background==== | |||
*Today, the great number of Puerto Ricans of French ancestry are evident in the 19% of family surnames on the island that are of French origin. These are easily traceable to mainland France, French Louisiana émigrés, and other French colonies in the Caribbean which experienced catastrophic slave upheavals that forced the French colonists to flee. | |||
*Upon the outbreak of the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years' War (1754–1763), between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its North American Colonies against France, many of the French settlers fearing the English-speaking intruders who were invading the former French and Spanish territory of Louisiana fled to the '''Caribbean islands of Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) and Puerto Rico''' to re-establish their commercial, trading and agricultural enterprises. These islands were part of the Spanish and New World Catholic Empire, which welcomed and protected the French from their English and Protestant enemy. | |||
*When the British attempted to invade Puerto Rico in 1797, many of the newly arrived French immigrants offered their services to the Spanish colonial government in Puerto Rico in defense of the Island that had taken them in when they fled from the Louisiana "Territory" of the United States. | |||
*The British attempted to land in San Juan harbor with a force of 400 French prisoners, who were forced to fight against their will the other French troops defending Puerto Rico.French Consul M. Paris, sent a letter addressed to the French soldiers being forced to fight for England, promising them a safe haven in San Juan. The French prisoners agreed to accept the offer and become settlers on the Island. The English retreated from the Island without their 400 French prisoners, who were to become part of the already established immigrant French community in Puerto Rico. The newly arrived 400 Frenchmen all stayed and thrive in Puerto Rico. They soon sent for their families who were living in France. | |||
*In 1796, the Spanish Crown ceded the western half of the island of Hispaniola to the French. The French named their part Saint-Domingue (which was later renamed '''Haiti'''). The French settlers dedicated themselves to the cultivation of the sugar cane and owned plantations, which required a huge amount of manpower. They enslaved and imported people from Africa to work in the fields. In 1791, the enslaved African people rebelled against the French in what is known as the Haitian Revolution. The French fled to '''Santo Domingo and made their way to Puerto Rico'''. Once there, they settled in the western region of the island in towns such as '''Mayagüez'''. With their expertise, they helped develop the island's sugar industry, converting Puerto Rico into a world leader in the exportation of sugar.<ref>"French immigration to Puerto Rico", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico, accessed 1 May 2021. | |||
*In 1815, the Spanish Crown had issued a Royal Decree of Graces (Real Cédula de Gracias) with the intention of encouraging more commercial trade between Puerto Rico and other countries who were friendly towards Spain. Those who immigrated to Puerto Rico were given free land and a "Letter of Domicile" with the condition that they swore loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Thousands of French and Corsican families (the Corsicans were French citizens of Italian descent) settled in Puerto Rico. The Corsicans (who had Italian surnames) settled the mountainous region in and around the towns of Adjuntas, Lares, Utuado, Guayanilla, Ponce and Yauco, where they became successful coffee plantation owners. The French who immigrated with them from mainland France also settled in various places in the island, mostly in the unsettled interior regions of the Island, which up to that point were virtually uninhabited.<ref>"French Immigration to Puerto Rico", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico, accessed 1 May 2021.</ref> | |||
=== United States === | === United States === | ||
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*In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there was an influx of a few thousand '''Huguenots''', who were Calvinist refugees fleeing religious persecution following the issuance of the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau by Louis XIV of the Kingdom of France. | *In the 17th and early 18th centuries, there was an influx of a few thousand '''Huguenots''', who were Calvinist refugees fleeing religious persecution following the issuance of the 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau by Louis XIV of the Kingdom of France. | ||
*'''Louisiana Creole''' people refers to those who are descended from the colonial settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French and Spanish descent. Their ancestors settled '''Acadia''', in what is now the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and part of Maine in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1755, the British Army forced the Acadians to either swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown or face expulsion. Some four thousand managed to make the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. | *'''Louisiana Creole''' people refers to those who are descended from the colonial settlers in Louisiana, especially those of French and Spanish descent. Their ancestors settled '''Acadia''', in what is now the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and part of Maine in the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1755, the British Army forced the Acadians to either swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown or face expulsion. Some four thousand managed to make the long trek to Louisiana, where they began a new life. | ||
=== Russia === | === Russia === | ||