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==How to Find the Records==
==How to Find the Records==
West Virginia, being entirely inland, has no seaports. Immigrants would have initially arrived at a port on the coast. To search those records, see [[United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records|'''United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records.''']]
West Virginia, being entirely inland, has no seaports. Immigrants would have initially arrived at a port on the coast. To search those records, see [[United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records|'''United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records.''']] Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was an important port of entry to West Virginia, but the major port between 1870 and 1915 was New York, where thousands of European immigrants boarded labor trains headed for the coal fields.
===Online Resources===
===Online Resources===
*'''1500s-1900s''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/7486/?arrival=_west+virginia-usa_51&count=50 All U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s] at Ancestry; index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia; ''Also at [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10017/passenger-immigration-lists-1500-1900?s=1&formId=pili&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar MyHeritage]''; index only ($)
*'''1500s-1900s''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/7486/?arrival=_west+virginia-usa_51&count=50 All U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s] at Ancestry; index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia; ''Also at [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10017/passenger-immigration-lists-1500-1900?s=1&formId=pili&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar MyHeritage]''; index only ($)
*'''1895-1956''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10942/united-states-border-crossings-from-canada-1895-1956?s=1&formId=collection_10942:searchFormDef&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=master,immigration&p=1&qevents-event1=Event+et.any+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar&qevents=List United States, Border Crossings from Canada, 1895-1956] at MyHeritage; index & images ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*'''1895-1956''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10942/united-states-border-crossings-from-canada-1895-1956?s=1&formId=collection_10942:searchFormDef&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=master,immigration&p=1&qevents-event1=Event+et.any+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar&qevents=List United States, Border Crossings from Canada, 1895-1956] at MyHeritage - index & images ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
====Cultural Groups====
====Cultural Groups====
*'''1920-1939''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10924/germany-bremen-emigration-lists-1920-1939?s=1&formId=collection_10924:searchFormDef&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=master,immigration&p=1&qevents-event1=Event+et.any+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar&qevents=List Germany, Bremen Emigration Lists, 1920-1939] at MyHeritage; index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*'''1920-1939''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10924/germany-bremen-emigration-lists-1920-1939?s=1&formId=collection_10924:searchFormDef&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=master,immigration&p=1&qevents-event1=Event+et.any+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar&qevents=List Germany, Bremen Emigration Lists, 1920-1939] at MyHeritage - index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10019/germans-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Germans Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage; index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10019/germans-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Germans Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10030/italians-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili,immigration-norels&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Italians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage; index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10030/italians-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili,immigration-norels&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Italians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10029/russians-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili,immigration-norels&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Russians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage; index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10029/russians-immigrating-to-the-united-states?s=1&formId=immigration-norels&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration,pili,immigration-norels&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.West%2F3Virginia+epmo.similar Russians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($); includes those with Destination of West Virginia
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==== Passport Records Online  ====
==== Passport Records Online  ====
*'''1795-1925''' - {{RecordSearch|2185145|United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925}} at [https://www.familysearch.org/search FamilySearch] — index and images
*'''1795-1925''' {{RecordSearch|2185145|United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925}} at FamilySearch - [[United States, Passport Applications - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*'''1795-1925''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1174 U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925] Index and images, at Ancestry ($)
*'''1795-1925''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1174 U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925] Index and images, at Ancestry ($)


===Offices to Contact===
===Offices to Contact===
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==Background==
==Background==
The settlement of present-day [[West Virginia, United States Genealogy|West Virginia]] began in the mid-1700s when Scotch-Irish and German settlers from Pennsylvania came to the area that is now Berkeley and Greenbriar counties. Heavy settlement began in the 1760s after Indian claims had been settled. These pioneers were generally from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and other northern states and not from Virginia or other areas east of the mountains.  
*The settlement of present-day [[West Virginia, United States Genealogy|West Virginia]] began in the mid-1700s, when '''Scotch-Irish and German settlers from Pennsylvania''' came to the area that is now Berkeley and Greenbriar counties.  
*Heavy settlement began in the 1760s after Indian claims had been settled. These pioneers were generally from '''Pennsylvania, Maryland, and other northern states''' and not from Virginia or other areas east of the mountains.  
*In the early and mid-1800s, many '''Germans and Irish''' came directly to West Virginia.
*A few '''African Americans''' were brought to the region in the early years, but many more came after the Civil War to work in the coal mines.
*In the late 1800s and early 1900s, large numbers of immigrants arrived from '''Ireland and from southern and eastern Europe, especially Hungary, Italy, and Poland.'''


In the early and mid-1800s, many Germans and Irish came directly to West Virginia. A few Blacks were brought to the region in the early years, but many more came after the Civil War to work in the coal mines. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, large numbers of immigrants arrived from Ireland and from southern and eastern Europe, especially Hungary, Italy, and Poland.
==Immigration Records==
==Immigration Records==
'''Immigration''' refers to people coming into a country. '''Emigration''' refers to people leaving a country to go to another.  Immigration records usually take the form of ship's '''passenger lists''' collected at the port of entry. See [[West Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Online Resources|'''Online Resources'''.]]
'''Immigration''' refers to people coming into a country. '''Emigration''' refers to people leaving a country to go to another.  Immigration records usually take the form of ship's '''passenger lists''' collected at the port of entry. See [[West Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Online Resources|'''Online Resources'''.]]
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==In-country Migration==
==In-country Migration==
=== Records  ===
*[[Pennsylvania Emigration and Immigration|'''Philadelphia, Pennsylvania''']] was an important port of entry to West Virginia, but the major port between 1870 and 1915 was [[New York Emigration and Immigration|'''New York''']], where thousands of European immigrants boarded labor trains headed for the coal fields.
*Between 1910 and 1960, millions of Southerners left their home states of Tennessee, Kentucky, the Carolinas, Virginia and West Virginia. A large percentage of those leaving Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee went north for jobs in the industrial sector. Many '''West Virginians''' and Kentuckians migrated to the '''industrial cities of Ohio''', for jobs in rubber and steel. <ref>"Hillbilly Highway", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Highway, accessed 10 April 2021.</ref>


*Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was an important port of entry to West Virginia, but the major port between 1870 and 1915 was New York, where thousands of European immigrants boarded labor trains headed for the coal fields. The Family History Library and the National Archives have passenger lists for New York for 1820 to 1919, and indexes for 1820 to 1846 and 1897 to 1943. The lists for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania date from 1800 to 1916 with indexes for 1800 to 1948. These lists may also be found at [http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/default.aspx?rt=40 ancestry.com.] FamilySearch.org also has an index to passengers arriving in Atlantic and Gulf ports titled {{RecordSearch|1921756|United States, Index to Passenger Arrivals, Atlantic and Gulf Ports, 1820-1874.}} More detailed information on U.S. immigration sources is in [[United States Emigration and Immigration]].
==For Further Reading==
 
The FamilySearch Library has additional sources listed in their catalog:
*Names of colonial immigrants to America that have been listed in published sources are indexed in:
*{{FSC|United States, West Virginia - Minorities|subject|subject-id=800919591|disp=United States, West Virginia - Minorities}}
 
Filby, P. William. ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index''. 15 Volumes. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research, 1981. {{FHL|291926|item|disp=FHL book 973 W32p}}; some volumes are on films beginning with {{FHL|291926|item|disp=FHL film 1597960 items 4-6.}} The first three volumes are a combined alphabetical index published in 1981. Supplemental volumes have been issued annually. There are also later cumulative indexes.
 
*The early court records of Augusta county through 1800, which include many of the first settlers of West Virginia, have been published in:
 
Chalkley,Lyman. ''Chronicles of the Scots-Irish Settlement in Virginia'' ''<nowiki>: extracted from the original court records of Augusta County, 1754-1800</nowiki>''<br>
 
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| Volumes 1-2
| nowrap="nowrap" | &nbsp; Family History Library US/CAN {{FHL|258900|item|disp=FHL Film 162043}}
|-
| Volume 3
| nowrap="nowrap" | &nbsp; Family History Library US/CAN {{FHL|258900|item|disp=FHL Film 162044}}
|}
 
== Websites  ==
 
'''Wiki articles describing online collections are found at:'''
 
*[[United States, Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports - FamilySearch Historical Records|United States, Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports - FamilySearch Historical Records]]
*[[West Virginia Naturalization Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|West Virginia Naturalization Records, 1814-1991 - FamilySearch Historical Records]]


== References  ==
== References  ==
 
<references/>
''[[West Virginia, United States Genealogy|West Virginia]] Research Outline.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., Family History Department, 1998, 2001.  
''[[West Virginia, United States Genealogy|West Virginia]] Research Outline.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., Family History Department, 1998, 2001.  


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