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When baptized, children were usually given one or more given names. One of these might have been the name of the saint of the day of baptism. The first name or baptismal name may not have been used in the child’s life. In Brazil the child was usually called by the second or third name given at baptism; this is especially true if the first name was Maria or José. | When baptized, children were usually given one or more given names. One of these might have been the name of the saint of the day of baptism. The first name or baptismal name may not have been used in the child’s life. In Brazil the child was usually called by the second or third name given at baptism; this is especially true if the first name was Maria or José. | ||
===The | ===The Name 'Maria'=== | ||
The given name Maria is extremely common as a feminine given name and '''even combined with masculine names'''. In Portugal, it has always been common. Traditionally Maria is more common as the '''first part of a double first name combination'''; these may be formed by several different elements. | The given name Maria is extremely common as a feminine given name and '''even combined with masculine names'''. In Portugal, it has always been common. Traditionally Maria is more common as the '''first part of a double first name combination'''; these may be formed by several different elements. | ||
*Religious predicates (often honouring one of the Virgin Mary's denominations): | *Religious predicates (often honouring one of the Virgin Mary's denominations): | ||
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*Maria '''paired with a masculine given name''': Maria João, Maria José, Maria Manuel, Maria Luís, José Maria (which is often abbreviated as JM). It is not unusual to find masculine names such as João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second given name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and '''the first name would be a masculine name'''. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese nobility and the upper classes. | *Maria '''paired with a masculine given name''': Maria João, Maria José, Maria Manuel, Maria Luís, José Maria (which is often abbreviated as JM). It is not unusual to find masculine names such as João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second given name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and '''the first name would be a masculine name'''. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese nobility and the upper classes. | ||
*Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana.<ref name=Port/> | *Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana.<ref name=Port/> | ||
===Children of Immigrants=== | |||
In Brazil, recent immigrants – especially '''Italians, Germans, Jews and Japanese]''' – usually give their sons only the father's family surname. Although there is no legal restriction on this practice, the pattern in succeeding generations changes to the traditional Portuguese pattern, usually because of assimilation. | |||
Today one can find people who use two Italian surnames (like "Gardi Bianchini") or two Japanese surnames (like "Sugahara Uemura"), a practice that is unusual in Italy and nonexistent in Japan. Having two surnames from different non-Portuguese origin is also not uncommon, such as the Brazilian celebrity "Sabrina Sato Rahal", a Japanese and an Arab surname, respectively. Particularly common are German-Italian combinations (Becker Bianchini, for instance), especially in Rio Grande do Sul. | |||
The Spanish pattern is in many ways similar, but the father's surname usually precedes the mother's, unlike Portuguese usage. Almost all of the first Spanish-Brazilian born generation were named in order of the family surnames of the Portuguese pattern. | |||
==For Further Reading== | ==For Further Reading== | ||