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==Online Tools== | ==Online Tools== | ||
Sometimes, deciphering a given name in an old handwritten document is not as easy as one might suppose. This could be due to the widespread use of abbreviations or to the difficulty in reading the handwriting. Use | Sometimes, deciphering a given name in an old handwritten document is not as easy as one might suppose. This could be due to the widespread use of abbreviations or to the difficulty in reading the handwriting. Use these lists of names to assist you in interpreting the names mentioned in the documents.<ref>'''Portuguese Documents''', BYU Script Tutorial, https://script.byu.edu/portuguese-handwriting/documents/record-types/general, accessed 22 February 2021. </ref> | ||
*[https://script.byu.edu/ | *[https://script.byu.edu/portuguese-handwriting/tools/names/general '''List of Surnames'''] | ||
*[https://script.byu.edu/ | *[https://script.byu.edu/portuguese-handwriting/tools/names/general '''List of Given Names'''] | ||
*[https://script.byu.edu/ | *[https://script.byu.edu/portuguese-handwriting/tools/abbreviations '''Abbreviations'''] | ||
*[https://surnames.behindthename.com/names/usage/portuguese '''Behind the Name: Portuguese Surnames'''] | *[https://surnames.behindthename.com/names/usage/portuguese '''Behind the Name: Portuguese Surnames'''] | ||
*[https://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/portuguese '''Behind the Name: Portuguese Given Names'''] | |||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/en/surname Surname experience] at FamilySearch - search by surname to learn its meaning and origin | |||
==Surnames == | ==Surnames == | ||
A Portuguese name is typically composed of '''one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, sometimes more)'''. The first additional names are usually the mother's family surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). It is not uncommon that a married woman has two given names and six surnames, two from her mother's family, two from her father's family, and the last two coming from her husband. In addition, some of these names may be made of more than one word, so that a full feminine name can have more than 12 words. For instance, the name "Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu" would not be surprising in a married woman. For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings. <ref name=Port>"Portuguese names', in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name, accessed 21 February 2021.</ref> | A Portuguese name is typically composed of '''one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, sometimes more)'''. The first additional names are usually the mother's family surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). It is not uncommon that a married woman has two given names and six surnames, two from her mother's family, two from her father's family, and the last two coming from her husband. In addition, some of these names may be made of more than one word, so that a full feminine name can have more than 12 words. For instance, the name "Maria do Carmo Mão de Ferro e Cunha de Almeida Santa Rita Santos Abreu" would not be surprising in a married woman. For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings. <ref name=Port>"Portuguese names', in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name, accessed 21 February 2021.</ref> | ||
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It is not possible to determine the exact year or even the century when a particular family name was taken. By the end of the 13th century many families determined to retain the patronymic without continuing to change the name from generation to generation. Thus, the hereditary sobrenomes (surnames) were in use by the time of the discovery of the New World. | It is not possible to determine the exact year or even the century when a particular family name was taken. By the end of the 13th century many families determined to retain the patronymic without continuing to change the name from generation to generation. Thus, the hereditary sobrenomes (surnames) were in use by the time of the discovery of the New World. | ||
===Surname | ===Surname Changes of Immigrants in the United States=== | ||
'''As Immigrants moved into English-speaking countries, their surnames were impacted in a variety of ways.''' | '''As Immigrants moved into English-speaking countries, their surnames were impacted in a variety of ways.''' | ||
<br> | <br> | ||
*Most of the time the surname spelling changed to | *Most of the time the surname spelling changed to accommodate the '''different phonetic spelling in the English language'''. In other words, the recorder tried to write the name the way he heard it. | ||
*Surnames may also have been translated outright into English, sometimes with a slight twist. | *Surnames may also have been translated outright into English, sometimes with a slight twist. | ||
*Within the community, such as the local parish, immigrants may continue to use the original name, while at the same time '''using English-language equivalents when dealing with local government, census takers, and other English speakers.''' | *Within the community, such as the local parish, immigrants may continue to use the original name, while at the same time '''using English-language equivalents when dealing with local government, census takers, and other English speakers.''' | ||
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When baptized, children were usually given one or more given names. One of these might have been the name of the saint of the day of baptism. The first name or baptismal name may not have been used in the child’s life. In Brazil the child was usually called by the second or third name given at baptism; this is especially true if the first name was Maria or José. | When baptized, children were usually given one or more given names. One of these might have been the name of the saint of the day of baptism. The first name or baptismal name may not have been used in the child’s life. In Brazil the child was usually called by the second or third name given at baptism; this is especially true if the first name was Maria or José. | ||
===The | ===The Name 'Maria'=== | ||
The given name Maria is extremely common as a feminine given name and '''even combined with masculine names'''. In Portugal, it has always been common. Traditionally Maria is more common as the '''first part of a double first name combination'''; these may be formed by several different elements. | The given name Maria is extremely common as a feminine given name and '''even combined with masculine names'''. In Portugal, it has always been common. Traditionally Maria is more common as the '''first part of a double first name combination'''; these may be formed by several different elements. | ||
*Religious predicates (often honouring one of the Virgin Mary's denominations): | *Religious predicates (often honouring one of the Virgin Mary's denominations): | ||
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*Maria '''paired with a masculine given name''': Maria João, Maria José, Maria Manuel, Maria Luís, José Maria (which is often abbreviated as JM). It is not unusual to find masculine names such as João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second given name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and '''the first name would be a masculine name'''. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese nobility and the upper classes. | *Maria '''paired with a masculine given name''': Maria João, Maria José, Maria Manuel, Maria Luís, José Maria (which is often abbreviated as JM). It is not unusual to find masculine names such as João Maria, José Maria, Manuel Maria, Luís Maria etc. In this case, Maria would always be the second given name, in honour of the Virgin Mary, and '''the first name would be a masculine name'''. This custom was fashionable among the Portuguese nobility and the upper classes. | ||
*Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana.<ref name=Port/> | *Many names that are etymologically related to Maria are also used. The most common is the name Mariana, a contraction of Maria and Ana.<ref name=Port/> | ||
===Children of Immigrants=== | |||
In Brazil, recent immigrants – especially '''Italians, Germans, Jews and Japanese]''' – usually give their sons only the father's family surname. Although there is no legal restriction on this practice, the pattern in succeeding generations changes to the traditional Portuguese pattern, usually because of assimilation. | |||
Today one can find people who use two Italian surnames (like "Gardi Bianchini") or two Japanese surnames (like "Sugahara Uemura"), a practice that is unusual in Italy and nonexistent in Japan. Having two surnames from different non-Portuguese origin is also not uncommon, such as the Brazilian celebrity "Sabrina Sato Rahal", a Japanese and an Arab surname, respectively. Particularly common are German-Italian combinations (Becker Bianchini, for instance), especially in Rio Grande do Sul. | |||
The Spanish pattern is in many ways similar, but the father's surname usually precedes the mother's, unlike Portuguese usage. Almost all of the first Spanish-Brazilian born generation were named in order of the family surnames of the Portuguese pattern.<ref name=Port/> | |||
====São Paulo State area==== | |||
A specific pattern developed among the descendants of 20th-century immigrants: they use only their father's surname and two given names, the first is a Portuguese given name and the second one is a given name from their father's original country. | |||
This pattern is most used among Japanese and Syrian-Lebanese immigrants sons and grandsons. So one can find names like "Paulo Salim Maluf" where Paulo is a Portuguese given name, Salim is an Arabian given name, and Maluf is his father's surname; or "Maria Heiko Sugahara" where Maria is a Portuguese given name, Heiko a Japanese given name and Sugahara is her father's surname. This practice allows the person to be recognized as "Paulo Maluf" or "Maria Sugahara" (in the large Brazilian society) or as "Salim Maluf" or "Heiko Sugahara" (in the immigrant's social community). | |||
This pattern used to be quite common in São Paulo. Intermarriage has reduced this practice, but it is commonly used when both father and mother belong to the same ethnicity. Younger generations tend to use both the father's and the mother's family name, thus giving four names to their sons (like "Paulo Salim Lutfalla Maluf" or "Maria Heiko Sugahara Uemura").<ref name=Port/> | |||
==For Further Reading== | ==For Further Reading== | ||
*Barão de Vasconcelos. ''Archivo nobiliarchico brasileiro (Brazilian Archive of Nobility''). [https://archive.org/details/archivonobiliarc00vascuoft/page/n5/mode/2up Available Online]. | *[https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf '''A GUIDE TO NAMES AND NAMING PRACTICES, UK Names Guide'''] | ||
*Mattos, Armando de. ''Manual de Genealogia Portuguesa (Manual of Portuguese Genealogy''). Pôrto: Fernando Machado, 1943. ( | *Barão de Vasconcelos. ''Archivo nobiliarchico brasileiro (Brazilian Archive of Nobility''). [https://archive.org/details/archivonobiliarc00vascuoft/page/n5/mode/2up '''Available Online''']. | ||
*Távora, Luiz Gonzaga de Lancastre e. ''Dicionário das famílias portuguesas (Dictionary of Portuguese Families''). Lisboa: Quetzal Editores, 1989. ( | *Mattos, Armando de. '''''Manual de Genealogia Portuguesa (Manual of Portuguese Genealogy'''''). Pôrto: Fernando Machado, 1943. (FS Library book 946.9 D27ma; film 0896862 item 4) {{WorldCat|865596501|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*Wold, Lillian Ramos. ''Hispanic Surnames: History and Genealogy''. Fullerton, Calif.: Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research, c1994. ( | *Távora, Luiz Gonzaga de Lancastre e. '''''Dicionário das famílias portuguesas (Dictionary of Portuguese Families'')'''. Lisboa: Quetzal Editores, 1989. (FS Library book 946.9 D4t) This is a register of more than 1,000 Portuguese surnames, with a discussion of their derivations. {{WorldCat|709663916|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | ||
*Wold, Lillian Ramos. ''Hispanic Surnames: History and Genealogy''. Fullerton, Calif.: Society of Hispanic Historical and Ancestral Research, c1994. (FS Library book 946 D4h) {{WorldCat|866155512|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} | |||
===FamilySearch Sources=== | ===FamilySearch Sources=== | ||
More such books are listed in the '''FamilySearch Catalog:''' | |||
*{{FSC|Brazil - Names, Personal|subject|subject-id=963253387|disp= Brazil - Names, Personal}} | |||
*{{FSC|Brazil - Names, Personal - Dictionaries|subject|subject-id=1807903986|disp= Brazil - Names, Personal - Dictionaries}} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
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[[pt:Brasil Nomes Pessoais]]<br> | [[pt:Brasil Nomes Pessoais]]<br> | ||
[[Category:Brazil]] | [[Category:Brazil]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Naming Customs]] | ||
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