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*Check out the '''Clerk of the Circuit Court''' in the county the adoption took place for early adoption records. A Wiki page for the county will give contact information. Ask for searches of '''probate records and guardianship records'''.
*Check out the '''Clerk of the Circuit Court''' in the county the adoption took place for early adoption records. A Wiki page for the county will give contact information. Ask for searches of '''probate records and guardianship records'''.
*[[National Orphan Train Complex|'''National Orphan Train Complex''']] of Concordia, Kansas Wiki page: Orphan train research helps find foster children between 1853 and 1930 who rode trains from New York City, Boston, or Chicago to new homes in other states or Canada. Many children rode the train to the Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, or Texas where they were "placed" with families.
*[[Children's Aid Society|'''Children's Aid Society''']] of New York City Wiki page. The Children's Aid Society of New York was the primary sending institution involved in the orphan train movement from 1853-1930 which "placed out" by railroad 200,000 orphans, abandoned, or homeless children to 48 states and Canada. In some cases they have records of birth parents.<br>
*[[New York Foundling Hospital|'''New York Foundling Hospital''']] Wiki page. The New York Foundling Hospital was one of the two main sending institutions involved in the orphan train movement from 1853-1930 which "placed out" by railroad 200,000 orphans, abandoned, or homeless children to 48 states and Canada. In some cases they have records of birth parents.
*[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States '''Catholic Church Records:'''] In the case Roman Catholic adoptions, ask for baptismal information. Sacramental records are available to involved parties and sometimes contain identifying information on birth family members.
*[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States '''Catholic Church Records:'''] In the case Roman Catholic adoptions, ask for baptismal information. Sacramental records are available to involved parties and sometimes contain identifying information on birth family members.
*'''Maternity Home Records:''' Records were created if a birth mother lived in a maternity home. A maternity home, girls’ home, or work home was a place for pregnant women to live and sometimes work. Many unmarried women were sent away from home during their pregnancies to avoid a hometown’s prying eyes. Check local and state historical societies and archives to see if maternity home records are preserved.
*'''Maternity Home Records:''' Records were created if a birth mother lived in a maternity home. A maternity home, girls’ home, or work home was a place for pregnant women to live and sometimes work. Many unmarried women were sent away from home during their pregnancies to avoid a hometown’s prying eyes. Check local and state historical societies and archives to see if maternity home records are preserved.
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**'''Amended birth certificate'''
**'''Amended birth certificate'''
:::An amended birth certificate, created after an adoption is finished, lists the names of the adoptive parents just as if the child had been born to them originally.  
:::An amended birth certificate, created after an adoption is finished, lists the names of the adoptive parents just as if the child had been born to them originally.  
:::Many people will have an amended birth certificate, with no access to the original. About half of the states allow adults to have access to their original birth certificates. See [https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/adult-adoptee-access-to-original-birth-certificates.aspx#:~:text=Colorado%2C%20Delaware%2C%20Illinois%2C%20Maryland,the%20information%20not%20be%20released. '''Adult Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates''']
:::Many people will have an amended birth certificate, with no access to the original. About half of the states allow adults to have access to their original birth certificates. See [https://www.ncsl.org/research/human-services/adult-adoptee-access-to-original-birth-certificates.aspx#:~:text=Colorado%2C%20Delaware%2C%20Illinois%2C%20Maryland,the%20information%20not%20be%20released. '''Adult Adoptee Access to Original Birth Certificates'''].
*Alabama, Alaska, Maine, Oregon, and the U.S. Virgin Islands,allow access to original birth certificates at the request of an adult adoptee, without a court order and without the consent of the birth parents.
:::An original birth certificate may be obtained through a '''court petition.'''  
*Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Washington allow adoptees to request birth certificates unless the birth parent specifically requested that the information not be released.
*Idaho, Mississippi and the Northern Mariana Islands, for example, allow access when all parties consent to the release of the information, while other states allow accessing only when the birth parents consent.
*Still, other states limit access to adoptees born in certain years. Some states delay access in order to prepare biological parents for the possibility of contact with a child they placed for adoption.
*State action in 2016 includes a new law in Indiana that allows adoption information to be released unless a non-release form is on file. *Hawaii legislation allows adult adoptees, adoptive parents and natural parents “unfettered” access to the adopted person’s sealed records. *Missouri allows an adoptee to apply for an original copy of his or her birth certificate, with certain restrictions and includes a waiting period and fee. The Hawaii and Missouri bills were awaiting governors’ signatures at the time of publication. Pending legislation in *Pennsylvania would provide an adult adoptee with access to a noncertified copy of his or her original birth record information without the consent of the birth parents. It also would allow for redacting birth parents’ names from a birth record and provide contact preference forms.
 
:::In other states, an original birth certificate may be obtained through a '''court petition.'''  
:*'''Hospital records''': Hospitals often retain birth registers and occasionally have medical information on children born there. Medical records regarding the person you are searching for may sometimes be obtained.
:*'''Hospital records''': Hospitals often retain birth registers and occasionally have medical information on children born there. Medical records regarding the person you are searching for may sometimes be obtained.


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===Making Contact With Relatives===
===Making Contact With Relatives===
====Mutual Consent Registries====
====Mutual Consent Registries====
*[STATE] has a mutual consent registry. A mutual consent registry is a means for individuals directly involved in adoptions to indicate their willingness or unwillingness to have their identifying information disclosed.  
*A mutual consent registry is a means for individuals directly involved in adoptions to indicate their willingness or unwillingness to have their identifying information disclosed.  
*Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, and West Virginia (as of 11 September 2020)
*Most registries require consent of at least one birth parent and an adoptee over the age of 18 or 21, or of adoptive parents if the adoptee is a minor, in order to release identifying information.  
*Most registries require consent of at least one birth parent and an adoptee over the age of 18 or 21, or of adoptive parents if the adoptee is a minor, in order to release identifying information.  
*Most states that have registries require the parties seeking to exchange information to file affidavits consenting to the release of their personal information.
*Most states that have registries require the parties seeking to exchange information to file affidavits consenting to the release of their personal information.
*The [STATE] registry will release identifying information '''unless a non-consent form has been filed''' (as of 11 September 2020):
{|
|-
|
::Hawaii
::Indiana (for adoptions finalized after 12/31/1993)
::Maryland (for adoptions finalized after 1/1/2000)
::Michigan (for adoptions finalized before 5/28/1948 or after 9/12/1980)
|
::Minnesota (for adoptions finalized after 8/1/1982)
::Nebraska (for adoptions finalized after 9/1/1998)
::Ohio (for adoptions finalized after 1996)
::Vermont (for adoptions finalized after 7/1/1986)
|}


====Finding a Mutual Consent Registry====
====Finding a Mutual Consent Registry====
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====International Soundex Reunion Registry====
====International Soundex Reunion Registry====
*[http://www.isrr.org/About.html '''International Soundex Reunion Registry,'''] a free mutual consent reunion registry for people seeking birth relatives.
*[http://www.isrr.org/About.html '''International Soundex Reunion Registry,'''] a free mutual consent reunion registry for people seeking birth relatives.
====Confidential Intermediary System====
*[STATE] has a search and consent procedure called a '''confidential intermediary system'''. With this system, an individual called a confidential intermediary is certified by the court to have access to sealed adoption records for the purpose of conducting a search for birth family members to obtain their consent for contact.
*States using confidential intermediaries include (as of 11 September 2020):
{|
|-
|
::Alabama (when consent is not on file)
::Colorado
::Florida (to contact family members who have <br>not registered with the adoption registry)
::Illinois (to obtain updated medical information)
::Michigan (when consent is not on file)
::Montana
|style="vertical-align:top"|
::North Carolina
::North Dakota
::Oklahoma
::Virginia
::Washington
::Wyoming
|}
====Finding Confidential Intermediary Services====
To find contact information for a [STATE] agency or department that assists in accessing adoption records, go to Child Welfare Information Gateway's National Foster Care and Adoption Directory and search under state Reunion Registries/ConfidentialIntermediary Services:
*[https://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad/ '''State Reunion Registries/Confidential Intermediary Services''']
::Select [STATE] from the drop-down menu.
::Scroll down to "Adoption Search" and click the box for "State Reunion Registries/Confidential Intermediary Services".
::Click on "GO".


====Affidavit System====
====Affidavit System====
[STATE] uses an affidavit system through which birth family members can either file their consent to release identifying information or to register their refusal to be contacted or to release identifying information. The written permission may be referred to as a consent, waiver, or authorization form.
Minnesota uses an affidavit system through which birth family members can either file their consent to release identifying information or to register their refusal to be contacted or to release identifying information. The written permission may be referred to as a consent, waiver, or authorization form.
To find the contact information to inquire about using this system, go to:
To find the contact information to inquire about using this system, go to:
*[https://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad/ '''State Reunion Registries/Confidential Intermediary Services''']
*[https://www.childwelfare.gov/nfcad/ '''State Reunion Registries/Confidential Intermediary Services''']
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::Click on "GO".
::Click on "GO".


{|
|-
|
::Alabama
::Alaska
::California
::Georgia
::Kentucky
::Massachusetts
::Minnesota
| style="vertical-align:top"|
::Mississippi
::Nebraska
::New Hampshire
::New Mexico
::Pennsylvania
::Wisconsin
|}


==For Further Reading==
==For Further Reading==
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