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Romania History: Difference between revisions
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==History == | ==History== | ||
The first of the Romanian principalities, Wallachia, was formed in 1330 | The first of the Romanian principalities, Wallachia, was formed in 1330, gaining independence from the kingdom of Hungary. The second, Moldavia, was founded in 1350 east of the Carpathians on the Prut River valley, and became a vassal state of the kingdom of Poland. However, by 1396 Wallachia became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire; Moldavia became a vassal state in 1512. After the Turks conquered Hungary in 1526, Transylvania enjoyed a brief period of autonomy, becoming a Turkish vassal in 1541. In 1552 the Banat also fell under Ottoman rule. Although these principalities paid annual tribute to the Ottoman sultan, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia retained their autonomous status under Turkish sovereignty. The Austro-Hungarians drove the Turks from Transylvania in 1606 and from the Banat in 1701. Austria received the Bukovina area of Moldavia in 1775 for assistance in a war against Russia. | ||
Romanian nationalism began to rise in the mid-1800s. Insurrections arose in Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania in 1848 but were suppressed by the Ottomans and the Russians. In 1859, Wallachia and Moldavia joined to form the United Principalities of the Danube. Romania was recognized as an independent state in 1878 at the Treaty of Berlin following the Fifth Russo-Turkish War. The treaty also awarded the coastal area of Dobrogea to Romania. Romania was raised to the rank of a Kingdom in 1881 with a Hohenzollern monarchy. | |||
Romanian nationalism began to rise in the mid-1800s. Insurrections arose in Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania but were suppressed by the Ottomans and the Russians. | |||
Romania entered World War I with the Allies, but the Central Powers soon occupied Bucharest and much of the country. After the war and with the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Transylvania, Bukovina, part of Banat, and the Russian province of Bessarabia were added to the Kingdom of Romania, bringing it to its largest extent. This area is still referred to as Greater Romania. | Romania entered World War I with the Allies, but the Central Powers soon occupied Bucharest and much of the country. After the war and with the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Transylvania, Bukovina, part of Banat, and the Russian province of Bessarabia were added to the Kingdom of Romania, bringing it to its largest extent. This area is still referred to as Greater Romania. | ||
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1948 - Anti-Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc. A 2006 Commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people<br> | 1948 - Anti-Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc. A 2006 Commission estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people<br> | ||
1989 - Romanian Revolution in which thousands were killed or injured<br> | 1989 - Romanian Revolution in which thousands were killed or injured<br> | ||
== Religious History == | ==Religious History== | ||
Christianity in Romania dates back almost to the time of Christ. According to Romanian tradition, the Apostle Andrew first taught the gospel in Romania. Archeologists have found Christian churches and artifacts dating to the second century in Apuseni and Carpathians mountains, as well as in Dobrogea and other areas of Romania. In the third century, slaves brought in from Asia Minor by the Goths included Christians who then taught the Daco-Roman people. In the sixth century, a metropolitan was established in Tomis, a city in Dobrogea. The metropolitan was under the bishop and later Patriarch of Constantinople. Thus, when the schism occured between Catholic Rome and Orthodox Constantinople, the Romanian parishes became orthodox. The Tomis Metropolitanate is the foundation of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which became an independent church in 1878. | Christianity in Romania dates back almost to the time of Christ. According to Romanian tradition, the Apostle Andrew first taught the gospel in Romania. Archeologists have found Christian churches and artifacts dating to the second century in Apuseni and Carpathians mountains, as well as in Dobrogea and other areas of Romania. In the third century, slaves brought in from Asia Minor by the Goths included Christians who then taught the Daco-Roman people. In the sixth century, a metropolitan was established in Tomis, a city in Dobrogea. The metropolitan was under the bishop and later Patriarch of Constantinople. Thus, when the schism occured between Catholic Rome and Orthodox Constantinople, the Romanian parishes became orthodox. The Tomis Metropolitanate is the foundation of the Romanian Orthodox Church, which became an independent church in 1878. | ||
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Since 1991, Romania has enjoyed full religious freedom.<br> | Since 1991, Romania has enjoyed full religious freedom.<br> | ||
== Religious Affiliation in Romania == | ==Religious Affiliation in Romania== | ||
{| | {| class="prettytable" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="1" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Religion''' | |'''Religion''' | ||
| '''1875''' | |'''1875''' | ||
| '''1912''' | |'''1912''' | ||
| '''1992''' | |'''1992''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Romanian Orthodox | |Romanian Orthodox | ||
| align="right" | 44.5% | | align="right" |44.5% | ||
| align="right" | 68.4% | | align="right" |68.4% | ||
| align="right" | 86.8% | | align="right" |86.8% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Greek Catholic | |Greek Catholic | ||
| align="right" | 30.4% | | align="right" |30.4% | ||
| align="right" | 17.1% | | align="right" |17.1% | ||
| align="right" | 3.2% | | align="right" |3.2% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Roman Catholic | |Roman Catholic | ||
| align="right" | 11.3% | | align="right" |11.3% | ||
| align="right" | 5.6% | | align="right" |5.6% | ||
| align="right" | 5.1% | | align="right" |5.1% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Calvinist-Reformed | |Calvinist-Reformed | ||
| align="right" | 7.2% | | align="right" |7.2% | ||
| align="right" | 3.2% | | align="right" |3.2% | ||
| align="right" | 2.7% | | align="right" |2.7% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Muslim | |Muslim | ||
| align="right" | 1.6% | | align="right" |1.6% | ||
| align="right" | 2.0% | | align="right" |2.0% | ||
| align="right" | 0.2% | | align="right" |0.2% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Unitarian | |Unitarian | ||
| align="right" | 0.6% | | align="right" |0.6% | ||
| align="right" | 0.4% | | align="right" |0.4% | ||
| align="right" | 0.3% | | align="right" |0.3% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Pentecostal | |Pentecostal | ||
| align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| align="right" | 1.0% | | align="right" |1.0% | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Seventh-Day Adventist | |Seventh-Day Adventist | ||
| align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| align="right" | | | align="right" | | ||
| align="right" | 0.3% | | align="right" |0.3% | ||
|}<br> | |}<br> | ||
== History of Society and Culture | ==History of Society and Culture == | ||
[http://www.photius.com/countries/romania/society/index.html History of Romanian Society]<br> | [http://www.photius.com/countries/romania/society/index.html History of Romanian Society]<br> | ||
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[https://erdelyikronika.net/ Chronicle of Transylvania] | [https://erdelyikronika.net/ Chronicle of Transylvania] | ||
[[Category:Romania]] [[Category:History]] | [[Category:Romania]] | ||
[[Category:History]] | |||