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=== Tribal Headquarters === | === Tribal Headquarters === | ||
{{Click|Image:AI_ORP.png|American Indian Online Genealogy Records|right}}The Navajo Nation<br>P.O. Box 9000, Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Telephone: (928) 871-6000 | {{Click|Image:AI_ORP.png|American Indian Online Genealogy Records|right}}The Navajo Nation<br>P.O. Box 9000, Window Rock, AZ 86515<br>Telephone: (928) 871-6000 | ||
=== | === History === | ||
The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest [http://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xofa/documents/document/idc012038.pdf federally recognized tribes] in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | ||
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==== Brief Timeline ==== | ==== Brief Timeline ==== | ||
===== Spanish Era (1492-1820) ===== | ===== Spanish Era (1492-1820) ===== | ||
*'''Mid 1700s:''' Spanish sent missionaries | *'''Mid 1700s:''' Spanish sent missionaries | ||
===== Mexican Era (1821-1847) | ===== Mexican Era (1821-1847) ===== | ||
*'''1846: '''Treaty | *'''1846: '''Treaty | ||
*'''1846-48:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War Mexican War] | *'''1846-48:''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War Mexican War] | ||
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===== Navajo Wars (1848-1867) ===== | ===== Navajo Wars (1848-1867) ===== | ||
*'''1849:''' Treaty | *'''1849:''' Treaty | ||
*'''1858:''' Manuelito, an Navajo leader, discovered his livestock had be shot by U.S. Soldiers. He confronted the Major at Fort Defiance, claiming the land and water. Soldiers from Fort Defiance, with Zuni mercenaries, burned Manuelito's village and fields. | *'''1858:''' Manuelito, an Navajo leader, discovered his livestock had be shot by U.S. Soldiers. He confronted the Major at Fort Defiance, claiming the land and water. Soldiers from Fort Defiance, with Zuni mercenaries, burned Manuelito's village and fields. | ||
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===== Reservation Era (1868-1927) ===== | ===== Reservation Era (1868-1927) ===== | ||
*'''1868: '''Treaty, granted reservation and returned to their old home | *'''1868: '''Treaty, granted reservation and returned to their old home | ||
*'''1878:''' Navajo Reservation is expanded into Arizona. | *'''1878:''' Navajo Reservation is expanded into Arizona. | ||
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===== Stock Reduction (1928-1940) ===== | ===== Stock Reduction (1928-1940) ===== | ||
*'''1923-1936:''' Stock Reduction Program, The U.S. government killed more than 250,000 Navajo sheep and goats the horses. Part of soil conservation; "an acre could have no more than 6 sheep". | *'''1923-1936:''' Stock Reduction Program, The U.S. government killed more than 250,000 Navajo sheep and goats the horses. Part of soil conservation; "an acre could have no more than 6 sheep". | ||
*'''1934:''' The Navajo Mounted Police was formed. | *'''1934:''' The Navajo Mounted Police was formed. | ||
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===== Coming Out (1941-1969) ===== | ===== Coming Out (1941-1969) ===== | ||
*'''1941-9145:''' All American Indian men were required to register for the draft. A total of 24,521 American Indian men served in the U.S. armed services during World War II. | *'''1941-9145:''' All American Indian men were required to register for the draft. A total of 24,521 American Indian men served in the U.S. armed services during World War II. | ||
*'''1951:''' Uranium discovered on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico and Arizona. | *'''1951:''' Uranium discovered on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico and Arizona. | ||
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===== Self Determination (1970-Present) ===== | ===== Self Determination (1970-Present) ===== | ||
See also [http://www.lapahie.com/Timeline.cfm Navajo Timeline]<br> | See also [http://www.lapahie.com/Timeline.cfm Navajo Timeline]<br> | ||
==== Navajo Clan System ==== | ==== Navajo Clan System ==== | ||
Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowing one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans]. | Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowing one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans]. | ||
=== | === Government Records === | ||
==== U.S. - Native Relations ==== | ==== U.S. - Native Relations ==== | ||
When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Superintendencies_of_Indian_Affairs Superintendents], and Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed. | When dealing with Native American records, you will come into contact with a number of governmental offices that have dealt with American Indian tribes. The three main level of offices included are, Indian agents, [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Superintendencies_of_Indian_Affairs Superintendents], and Commissioner of Indian Affairs. The following is a very brief explanation of what these offices entailed. | ||
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The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples. Originally called, Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this title was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and has since been changed to Assistant Secretary of the Interior of Indian Affairs. When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849, and continues to this day. | The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern the affairs between settlers and Native peoples. Originally called, Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this title was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and has since been changed to Assistant Secretary of the Interior of Indian Affairs. When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849, and continues to this day. | ||
==== | ==== Agencies ==== | ||
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are: | |||
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are: | |||
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]] | *[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]] | ||
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]] | *[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]] | ||
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*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]] | *[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]] | ||
The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ) and [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]) governing a specific geographical area, with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. In addition to this, many of the documents held at the agencies have also been transferred to National and Regional archives throughout the United States. | The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ) and [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]) governing a specific geographical area, with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. In addition to this, many of the documents held at the agencies have also been transferred to National and Regional archives throughout the United States. | ||
===== Contact ===== | ===== Contact ===== | ||
Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/ Navajo Nation ]<br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515<br>(928) 871-6000 | |||
Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/ Navajo Nation ]<br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | |||
(928) 871-6000 | |||
==== Reservation ==== | ==== Reservation ==== | ||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses). | |||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entities which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Allotment_Records Indian Allotee] to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses). | |||
Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
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==== Superintendencies ==== | ==== Superintendencies ==== | ||
As stated previously, the superintendent of Indian affairs oversaw Indian agents. As for the Navajo Indians, at times superintendents were at odds as to whom held authority over areas occupied by the Navajos. Neighboring superintendents also assisted governing superintendents over the Navajos. Over time territorial boundaries also shifted and changed. The New Mexico and Arizona Superintendency are the main record holders for Navajo information. | |||
As stated previously, the superintendent of Indian affairs oversaw Indian agents. As for the Navajo Indians, at times superintendents were at odds as to whom held authority over areas occupied by the Navajos. Neighboring | |||
*[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873) | *[[Arizona Superintendency of Indian Affairs|Arizona Superintendency]] (1863 - 1873) | ||
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==== Bureau of Indian Affairs ==== | ==== Bureau of Indian Affairs ==== | ||
The [http://www.bia.gov/ Bureau of Indian Affairs] is commonly known as the BIA, and is part of the U.S. Department of Interior since they hold in trust American Indian lands. The BIA also serves 566 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes federally recognized tribes] in the United States. For those that are searching BIA records, three main National Archives and Record Administrations are used: | The [http://www.bia.gov/ Bureau of Indian Affairs] is commonly known as the BIA, and is part of the U.S. Department of Interior since they hold in trust American Indian lands. The BIA also serves 566 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes federally recognized tribes] in the United States. For those that are searching BIA records, three main National Archives and Record Administrations are used: | ||
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==== Census Records ==== | ==== Census Records ==== | ||
There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Census U.S. decennial census records] and [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Census_Rolls Indian Census Rolls], both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940, many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. decennial census records. | There are two types of census records available for people searching American Indian records. The first is the [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/United_States_Census U.S. decennial census records] and [https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/American_Indian_Census_Rolls Indian Census Rolls], both have identical information and some differences. Indian Census records were usually taken each year by agents or superintendents in charge of Indian reservations, then sent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, as required by an act of July 4, 1884. By 1940, many areas covered under the Indian Census Rolls were soon incorporated into U.S. decennial census records. | ||
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==== Enrollment ==== | ==== Enrollment ==== | ||
For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact: | For those interested in becoming an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation, contact: | ||
Navajo Office of Vital Records<br>P.O. Box 9000 <br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | Navajo Office of Vital Records<br>P.O. Box 9000 <br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515<br>(928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020 | ||
(928) 871-6386 or (928) 729-4020 | |||
==== Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 ==== | ==== Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 ==== | ||
The [http://www.archives.gov/research/census/native-americans/1885-1940.html National Archives Microfilm Publication M595] has copies of the the Indian Census Rolls, containing about 692 rolls dealing with a large number of tribes in the United States. It is during this time that Indian Census Roll takers were given instructions to include an individual's Indian and English name. By 1902 instruction was given that families should be given the same surname and that they should translate Indian names into English if they were too difficult to pronounce or remember. If names were too "foolish, cumbersome or uncouth translations which would handicap a self-respecting person should not be tolerated," or derogatory nicknames were dropped and changed. | |||
When searching Indian Census Rolls, be mindful that they are divided into one of four main agencies (Eastern, Southern, Western, Northern, and some smaller ones), others can be found in other surrounding tribal census records (Apache, Hopi, Ute, Paiute, and etc). | |||
= | Online verses Microfilm. Online Indian Census Rolls can be found at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 Ancestry.com] (a pay site), this has all the benefits of searching records from the comfort of home. At this point in time they only have a few Indian Census Rolls available for Navajo records. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/free-us-indian-census-rolls.htm Accessgenealogy.com] does provide free access to Navajo Indian census rolls on-line. Searching microfilm at Family History Libraries (free) can be more time consuming, but can provide more information which is left out by on-line sites. On-line sites only include the names of individuals and leave out a wealth of information at the beginning of the census rolls; which includes special instructions and procedures by the census taker and even census maps. | ||
====== Eastern Agency Area Records ====== | |||
*1929 (M595 Roll 98) FHL:575790 | *1929 (M595 Roll 98) FHL:575790 | ||
*1930 (M595 Roll 99) FHL:575791 | *1930 (M595 Roll 99) FHL:575791 | ||
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*1937 (M595 Roll 275) FHL:579685 | *1937 (M595 Roll 275) FHL:579685 | ||
====== Hopi and Navajo Indians | ====== Hopi and Navajo Indians ====== | ||
*1930 (M595 Roll 190) FHL: 576879 (*taken in Keams Canyon area) | *1930 (M595 Roll 190) FHL: 576879 (*taken in Keams Canyon area) | ||
*1931 (M595 Roll 191) FHL:576880 | *1931 (M595 Roll 191) FHL:576880 | ||
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*1934-36 (M595 Roll 194) FHL:576883 | *1934-36 (M595 Roll 194) FHL:576883 | ||
====== Leupp Agency Area Records | ====== Leupp Agency Area Records ====== | ||
*1915-17, 1920-25, 1927, 1929 (M595 Roll 249) FHL:576938 (*actual census is from 1920-29) | *1915-17, 1920-25, 1927, 1929 (M595 Roll 249) FHL:576938 (*actual census is from 1920-29) | ||
*1930-32 (M595 Roll 250) FHL:576939 | *1930-32 (M595 Roll 250) FHL:576939 | ||
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*1937 (M595 Roll 276) FHL: 579686 | *1937 (M595 Roll 276) FHL: 579686 | ||
====== Navajo Agency Records | ====== Navajo Agency Records ====== | ||
*1885: with 1891 general schedule and letter, 1898 (M595 Roll 272) FHL:579682 | *1885: with 1891 general schedule and letter, 1898 (M595 Roll 272) FHL:579682 | ||
*1915: Navajo (M595 Roll 273) FHL:579683 | *1915: Navajo (M595 Roll 273) FHL:579683 | ||
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*1938-39:Navajo (M595 Roll 282) FHL:579692 | *1938-39:Navajo (M595 Roll 282) FHL:579692 | ||
====== Northern Agency Area Records | ====== Northern Agency Area Records ====== | ||
*1930 (M595 Roll 303) FHL: 579713 | *1930 (M595 Roll 303) FHL: 579713 | ||
*1931 (M595 Roll 304) FHL: 579714 | *1931 (M595 Roll 304) FHL: 579714 | ||
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*1937 (M595 Roll 277) FHL: 579687 | *1937 (M595 Roll 277) FHL: 579687 | ||
====== Southern Agency Area Records | ====== Southern Agency Area Records ====== | ||
*1929-30: A-G (M595 Roll 518) FHL: 581893 | *1929-30: A-G (M595 Roll 518) FHL: 581893 | ||
*1930: H-Z (M595 Roll 519) FHL:581894 | *1930: H-Z (M595 Roll 519) FHL:581894 | ||
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*1937:New Mexico (M595 Roll 280) FHL:579690 | *1937:New Mexico (M595 Roll 280) FHL:579690 | ||
====== Western Agency Area Records | ====== Western Agency Area Records ====== | ||
*1915-29 (M595 Roll 640) FHL:573099 (*1915-28 are Hopi and 1929 are Navajo) | *1915-29 (M595 Roll 640) FHL:573099 (*1915-28 are Hopi and 1929 are Navajo) | ||
*1930 (M595 Roll 641) FHL;573100 | *1930 (M595 Roll 641) FHL;573100 | ||
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==== U.S. Population Census ==== | ==== U.S. Population Census ==== | ||
The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around border towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. | The United States Federal Population Census records in regards to Navajo Indians varies by area. Since about 1885 until 1930, Natives were required to be placed on Indian Census Rolls, by 1940 they were incorporated into U.S. federal population census records. In some areas Navajos were placed on U.S. federal population census records as early as 1900, and are usually limited to Natives living in or around border towns. As most know, U.S. federal population census records are recorded every ten years and at times can also include Indian Census Numbers and can be helpful in tracking down ancestors. | ||
One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Census takers often wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man). | One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Census takers often wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man). | ||
When searching U.S. Federal Indian Census records their records are divided into reservation boundaries which include: | |||
*Eastern Navajo Reservation | |||
*Luepp (located around Luepp, AZ) | |||
*Eastern Navajo Reservation | |||
*Luepp (located around Luepp, AZ) | |||
*Navajo (location and areas covered change over time) | *Navajo (location and areas covered change over time) | ||
*Navajo Springs (located around Holbrook, AZ) | *Navajo Springs (located around Holbrook, AZ) | ||
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*San Juan (located around northern San Juan County, NM) | *San Juan (located around northern San Juan County, NM) | ||
*Southern Navajo Reservation | *Southern Navajo Reservation | ||
*Western Navajo Reservation | *Western Navajo Reservation | ||
=== Other Records === | |||
==== Education ==== | ==== Education ==== | ||
Historically, Navajo children have attended [http://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/ServiceOverview/IndianEducation/ Bureau of Indian Affair schools] (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include, but are not limited to: | Historically, Navajo children have attended [http://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/ServiceOverview/IndianEducation/ Bureau of Indian Affair schools] (boarding schools), public schools, and contract schools (mission schools). Each of these have their own sets of records, some of which have found their way into archives and historical societies. The Office of Indian Affairs (now [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs Bureau of Indian Affairs]) was charged with providing educational opportunities for Navajo pupils and identifying them through school census records and other means. Some of the schools attended by Navajo pupils include, but are not limited to: | ||
*[[Albuquerque Indian School|Albuquerque Indian School ]](Albuquerque, NM) | *[[Albuquerque Indian School|Albuquerque Indian School ]](Albuquerque, NM) | ||
*[[Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] (Carlisle, PA) | *[[Carlisle Indian Industrial School (Pennsylvania)|Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] (Carlisle, PA) | ||
*[[Charles H. Burke Indian School (New Mexico)|Charles H. Burke School ]](Fort Wingate, NM) | *[[Charles H. Burke Indian School (New Mexico)|Charles H. Burke School ]](Fort Wingate, NM) the forerunner of Fort Wingate Vocational High School | ||
*[[Chilocco Indian School|Chilocco Indian Agricultural School]] (Cilocco, OK) | *[[Chilocco Indian School|Chilocco Indian Agricultural School]] (Cilocco, OK) | ||
*[[Chinle Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Chinle Boarding School]] (Many Farms, AZ) | *[[Chinle Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Chinle Boarding School]] (Many Farms, AZ) | ||
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'''See:''' | '''See:''' | ||
*Martin M. Martinez, comp.''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. This is arranged alphabetically by surname. {{FHL|item|1036099|desp=FHL film 1,036,099 item 2}}. | *Martin M. Martinez, comp.''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. This is arranged alphabetically by surname. {{FHL|item|1036099|desp=FHL film 1,036,099 item 2}}. | ||
==== Military Records ==== | ==== Military Records ==== | ||
Indian Scouts | Indian Scouts | ||
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==== Newspapers ==== | ==== Newspapers ==== | ||
Newspapers provide a wealth of information besides local happenings; birth, death, and even marriage information can be found in local newspapers around the Navajo reservation. Each paper is held at a variety of libraries, depositories, and institutions in different states. Here is a list of newspapers around the reservation that deal specifically with the Navajo, but are not limited to this list: | |||
Newspapers provide a wealth of information besides local happenings; birth, death, and even marriage information can be found in local newspapers around the Navajo reservation. | |||
===== Arizona ===== | ===== Arizona ===== | ||
*(1946) ''Arizona Daily Sun'' (Flagstaff), previously known as (1883) the ''Coconino Sun'' | *(1946) ''Arizona Daily Sun'' (Flagstaff), previously known as (1883) the ''Coconino Sun'' | ||
*(1890) ''Arizona Republic'' (Phoenix) | *(1890) ''Arizona Republic'' (Phoenix) | ||
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===== Colorado ===== | ===== Colorado ===== | ||
*''Cortez Journal, The'' (Cortez) | *''Cortez Journal, The'' (Cortez) | ||
===== New Mexico ===== | ===== New Mexico ===== | ||
*(1880) ''Albuquerque Jounral'' (Albuquerque) | *(1880) ''Albuquerque Jounral'' (Albuquerque) | ||
*(1891) ''Daily Times, The'' (Farmington) | *(1891) ''Daily Times, The'' (Farmington) | ||
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===== Utah ===== | ===== Utah ===== | ||
*''Southern Utah News'' (Kanab) | *''Southern Utah News'' (Kanab) | ||
==== Religion ==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
The Navajo have a complex polytheistic belief system which dictates how to treat oneself, others, and one's environment. This belief system has helped them deal with numerous groups of people entering into Navajo country. As the Spanish penetrated present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they introduced Spanish Christianity to the Navajos. The Navajos called Catholic priests and missionaries ''Bi’ee’dahninnezi'' (Catholic: the one with long clothes). There are some documentations from Spanish sources which include Navajo names, but usually the names are too generic to pinpoint ancestors. Mexican documentation also has this shortcoming. | |||
By the late 1800's, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (aka the Mormons) began moving into and settling southern Utah, Arizona and western New Mexico. The Navajos called these people ''Gaamalii'' (meaning: the fat ones that are coming). Mission records, missionaries and settlers wrote a number of journals and diaries that can include Navajo family names. Baptismal records and Church membership records are harder to come by and are usually limited to Church members only. But, baptismal and Church membership records in earlier times are very limited as to the fact that when Navajos were incorporated into the Church, the Church did not have plans of establishing or maintaining religious contact with the Navajos unless there was a dire need. | |||
As the United States gained control over present-day New Mexico and Arizona, they began assigning religious groups to the different tribes. Mainly the ''Bi’ee’adaałts’isi'' (Presbyterian or Protestants) were assigned to the Navajo reservation. | |||
*Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) | *Bi’ee’adaałts’isi (Presbyterian or Protestants) | ||
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*Gaamalii (Latter-day Saints) | *Gaamalii (Latter-day Saints) | ||
==== | ==== State Resources ==== | ||
The Navajo Reservation is located in three different states, covering a number of counties. Each of these areas have resources available to the public to search for ancestors. | |||
===== Arizona ===== | ===== Arizona ===== | ||
*[http://genealogy.az.gov/ Arizona Department of Health: Birth and Death Certificates] | *[http://genealogy.az.gov/ Arizona Department of Health: Birth and Death Certificates] | ||
*[http://adnp.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ Arizona Digital Newspaper Program] | *[http://adnp.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ Arizona Digital Newspaper Program] | ||
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===== Colorado ===== | ===== Colorado ===== | ||
[https://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/ Fort Lewis College: Center of Southwest Studies] | [https://swcenter.fortlewis.edu/ Fort Lewis College: Center of Southwest Studies] | ||
===== New Mexico ===== | ===== New Mexico ===== | ||
*[http://www.hsnm.org/ Historical Society of New Mexico] | *[http://www.hsnm.org/ Historical Society of New Mexico] | ||
*[http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nmnews New Mexico Newspaper Database] | *[http://econtent.unm.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/nmnews New Mexico Newspaper Database] | ||
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===== Utah ===== | ===== Utah ===== | ||
*[http://lib.byu.edu/ Brigham Young University: Harold B. Lee Library] | *[http://lib.byu.edu/ Brigham Young University: Harold B. Lee Library] | ||
*[https://familysearch.org/locations/saltlakecity-library Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Family History Library] | *[https://familysearch.org/locations/saltlakecity-library Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Family History Library] | ||
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*[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library] | *[https://library.usu.edu/ Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library] | ||
=== | === References === | ||
Some of these references will include Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL. {{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | |||
Some of these references will include Family History Library call numbers starting with FHL.{{Wikipedia|Navajo people}} | |||
== Published == | == Published == | ||
==== Biographies ==== | ==== Biographies ==== | ||
*Brugge, David M. ''Navajo Bibliography'' {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | *Brugge, David M. ''Navajo Bibliography'' {{FHL|79971|item|disp=FHL Book 970.3 N227be}} | ||
==== Culture ==== | ==== Culture ==== | ||
Reichard, Gladys A. ''Social Life of the Navajo Indians: With Some Attention to Minor Ceremonies''. Appendix: Navajo Genealogies {{FHL| 551581 |item | disp= FHL film 0001307}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/social-life-of-the-navajo-indians-with-some-attention-to-minor-ceremonies/oclc/866536207 WorldCat] | Reichard, Gladys A. ''Social Life of the Navajo Indians: With Some Attention to Minor Ceremonies''. Appendix: Navajo Genealogies {{FHL| 551581 |item | disp= FHL film 0001307}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/social-life-of-the-navajo-indians-with-some-attention-to-minor-ceremonies/oclc/866536207 WorldCat] | ||
==== Code Talkers ==== | ==== Code Talkers ==== | ||
*Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | *Bruchas, Joseph. ''Code Talker: A Novel About the Navajo Marines of World War Two''. | ||
*McClain, Sally. ''Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers''. {{FHL|1474529|item|desp=FHL Book 970.3 N227ms}}<br> | *McClain, Sally. ''Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers''. {{FHL|1474529|item|desp=FHL Book 970.3 N227ms}}<br> | ||
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==== Education ==== | ==== Education ==== | ||
*McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''. | *McCarty, Teresa L. ''A Place to Be Navajo:Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling''. | ||
*Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education, 1948-1978:Its Progress and Its Problems''. | *Roessel, Robert. ''Navajo Education, 1948-1978:Its Progress and Its Problems''. | ||
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==== General History ==== | ==== General History ==== | ||
*Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''. | *Acrey, Bill. Navajo History: ''The Land and the People''. | ||
*Bailey, Garrick and Roberta G. Bailey. ''A History of the Navajos: The Reservation Years''. | *Bailey, Garrick and Roberta G. Bailey. ''A History of the Navajos: The Reservation Years''. | ||
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*Kluckhohn, Clyde. And Dorothea Leighton. ''The Navaho''. '''FHL 970.3 N227n''' | *Kluckhohn, Clyde. And Dorothea Leighton. ''The Navaho''. '''FHL 970.3 N227n''' | ||
*Locke, Raymond Friday. ''The Book of the Navajos''. | *Locke, Raymond Friday. ''The Book of the Navajos''. | ||
* | *Parman, Donald L. ''The Navajos and the New Deal''. '''FHL 970.3 N227pa''' | ||
*Sundberg, Lawrence. ''Dinetah: An Early History of the Navajo People''. | *Sundberg, Lawrence. ''Dinetah: An Early History of the Navajo People''. | ||
*Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''. | *Underhill, Ruth. ''The Navajos''. | ||
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==== Land Dispute ==== | ==== Land Dispute ==== | ||
*Benally, Malcolm. ''Bitter Water: Dine' Oral Histories of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Peoples''. | *Benally, Malcolm. ''Bitter Water: Dine' Oral Histories of the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Peoples''. | ||
*Benedek, Emily. ''The Wind Won't Know Me: A History of the Navajo-Hopi Dispute''. | *Benedek, Emily. ''The Wind Won't Know Me: A History of the Navajo-Hopi Dispute''. | ||
==== Language ==== | ==== Language ==== | ||
*Young, Robert W. and William Morgan. ''The Navajo Language: a Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary''. {{FHL|706893|item|desp= FHL book 497.2 Y86n }} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/navajo-language-a-grammar-and-colloquial-dictionary/oclc/866262954 WorldCat]<br> | *Young, Robert W. and William Morgan. ''The Navajo Language: a Grammar and Colloquial Dictionary''. {{FHL|706893|item|desp= FHL book 497.2 Y86n }} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/navajo-language-a-grammar-and-colloquial-dictionary/oclc/866262954 WorldCat]<br> | ||
==== Long Walk ==== | ==== Long Walk ==== | ||
*Bailey, Lynn Robison. ''Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1864-1868''. | *Bailey, Lynn Robison. ''Long Walk: A History of the Navajo Wars, 1864-1868''. | ||
*Broderick, Johnson. ''Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period''. | *Broderick, Johnson. ''Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period''. | ||
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==== Maps ==== | ==== Maps ==== | ||
*Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 {{FHL| 447022|item|desp=|FHLfilms 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22}} | *Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 {{FHL| 447022|item|desp=|FHLfilms 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22}} | ||
*Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. {{FHL|177265|item|desp=FHL film 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27}} | *Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. {{FHL|177265|item|desp=FHL film 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27}} | ||
==== Newspapers ==== | ==== Newspapers ==== | ||
'''Tribal Newspaper''': [http://navajotimes.com/ ''Navajo Times''] | '''Tribal Newspaper''': [http://navajotimes.com/ ''Navajo Times''] | ||
[http://navajotimes.com/rezobits/#.VJBox8mVcfw Obituary Archives] (2014) | [http://navajotimes.com/rezobits/#.VJBox8mVcfw Obituary Archives] (2014) | ||
==== Government ==== | ==== Government ==== | ||
*Moore, William Haas. ''Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882''. {{FHL| 718004|item|desp=|FHL book 970.3 N227m}} | *Moore, William Haas. ''Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882''. {{FHL| 718004|item|desp=|FHL book 970.3 N227m}} | ||
* [https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?from=fhd&dps_pid=IE930888 Hughes, John T. ''Doniphan's expedition: containing an account of the conquest of New Mexico General Kearney's overland expedition to California Doniphan's campaign against the Navajos his unparalleled march upon Chihuahua and Durango and the operations of General Price at Santa Fe with a sketch of the life of Col. Doniphan'']. | * [https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?from=fhd&dps_pid=IE930888 Hughes, John T. ''Doniphan's expedition: containing an account of the conquest of New Mexico General Kearney's overland expedition to California Doniphan's campaign against the Navajos his unparalleled march upon Chihuahua and Durango and the operations of General Price at Santa Fe with a sketch of the life of Col. Doniphan'']. | ||
*Thompson, Gerald. ''The Army and the Navajo''. '''FHL 970.3 N227t''' | *Thompson, Gerald. ''The Army and the Navajo''. '''FHL 970.3 N227t''' | ||
==== Navajos: Autobiographies and Biographies ==== | ==== Navajos: Autobiographies and Biographies ==== | ||
*Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | *Denetdale, Jennifer Nez. ''Reclaiming Dine' History: The Legacies of Navajo Chief Manuelito and Juanita''. | ||
*Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967''. | *Frisbie, Charlotte and David P. McAllester. ''Navajo Blessingway Singer: The Autobiography of Frank Mitchell, 1881-1967''. | ||
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==== Religion ==== | ==== Religion ==== | ||
*Bahr, Howard M. ''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | *Bahr, Howard M. ''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1898-1921''. | ||
*Bahr, Howard M. ''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1920-1950''. | *Bahr, Howard M. ''The Navajo as Seen by the Franciscans, 1920-1950''. | ||
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==== Traders ==== | ==== Traders ==== | ||
*Adams, William Y. ''Shonto: A Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | *Adams, William Y. ''Shonto: A Study of the Role of the Trader in a Modern Navaho Community''. | ||
*Blue, Martha. ''Indian Trader: The Life and Times of J.L. Hubbell.'' | *Blue, Martha. ''Indian Trader: The Life and Times of J.L. Hubbell.'' | ||
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==== Vital records ==== | ==== Vital records ==== | ||
*Bowen, Jeff. ''Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933'' {{FHL| 660327|item|desp=FHL book 970.3 N227bj}} | *Bowen, Jeff. ''Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933'' {{FHL| 660327|item|desp=FHL book 970.3 N227bj}} | ||
== Unpublished == | == Unpublished == | ||
*Bushman, Virgil and Nellie Bushman. Navajo Indian Cemetery Records and Some New Mexico Cemetery Records Online: and <br> | *Bushman, Virgil and Nellie Bushman. Navajo Indian Cemetery Records and Some New Mexico Cemetery Records Online: and <br> | ||
*City of Winslow Historic Preservation Commission. Index of Winslow Indian Sanatorium Cemetery: from Navajo County death certificates published from 1933 through 1960. <br> | *City of Winslow Historic Preservation Commission. Index of Winslow Indian Sanatorium Cemetery: from Navajo County death certificates published from 1933 through 1960. <br> | ||
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== Websites == | == Websites == | ||
*[http://www.nnlib.org/ Office of the Navajo Nation Library] | *[http://www.nnlib.org/ Office of the Navajo Nation Library] | ||
*[http://www.navajonationmuseum.org/ The Navajo Nation Museum] | *[http://www.navajonationmuseum.org/ The Navajo Nation Museum] | ||
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*[http://www.nnovr.org/ Navajo Nation Office of Vital Records] | *[http://www.nnovr.org/ Navajo Nation Office of Vital Records] | ||
==== | ==== Family History: Online Examples ==== | ||
*[http://www.angelfire.com/rock3/countryboy79/family_tree/index.html Countryboy79 (Terry Teller)] | |||
*[http://www.angelfire.com/rock3/countryboy79/family_tree/index.html Countryboy79 (Terry Teller)] | |||
*[http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Census.cfm Lapahie.com] | *[http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Census.cfm Lapahie.com] | ||
*[http://www.saveblackmesa.org/genealogy/ saveblackmesa.org/genealogy/] | *[http://www.saveblackmesa.org/genealogy/ saveblackmesa.org/genealogy/] | ||
*[https://sites.google.com/site/tabaaha/family-tree Ta'baaha' family tree] | *[https://sites.google.com/site/tabaaha/family-tree Ta'baaha' family tree] | ||
==== Government ==== | ==== Government ==== | ||
*[http://www.navajo-nsn.gov Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | *[http://www.navajo-nsn.gov Navajo Nation Official Web Site] | ||
*[http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Code_Talker_Names.cfm Navajo Code Talkers] | *[http://www.lapahie.com/Navajo_Code_Talker_Names.cfm Navajo Code Talkers] | ||
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==== Information ==== | ==== Information ==== | ||
*[http://www.gomyson.com/Clans.php List of Navajo Clans], and Show My Clan tool and Are We Related? tool. | |||
*[http://www.gomyson.com/Clans.php List of Navajo Clans], and Show My Clan tool and Are We Related? tool. | |||
*[http://www.navajocentral.org/faq02a.htm Questions and Answers] about Navajo history, names, culture, bands, etc., | *[http://www.navajocentral.org/faq02a.htm Questions and Answers] about Navajo history, names, culture, bands, etc., | ||
*[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site | *[http://ggsc.wnmu.edu/netc/traditions/24.html Navajo Clan and Extended Family Relationships]: Cultural Differences site | ||
==== Bibliography ==== | ==== Bibliography ==== | ||
1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."] | 1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."] | ||
=== References === | === References === | ||
{{reflist}} | |||
{{reflist}}{{American Indian}} | {{American Indian}} | ||
[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | [[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | ||