Peru History: Difference between revisions

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 == History  ==
-Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization in the 32nd century BC, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in pre-Columbian America, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE.
+The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru secured independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile.
-The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho, Peru secured independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile. Throughout the 20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, coups, social unrest, and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency, though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent. Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017. Even after the president's regime, Fujimori's followers, called Fujimoristas, have caused political turmoil for any opposing faction in power, even causing Pedro Pablo Kuczynski to resign in March 2018.
+Throughout the 20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, coups, social unrest, and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency, though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent
-The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is classified as an emerging market[9] with a high level of human development[10] and an upper middle income level[11] with a poverty rate around 19 percent.[12] It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9%[12] and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%.[13] Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology.[14] The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom[15] and it has the third lowest homicide rate in South America; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Alliance, the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the World Trade Organization; and is considered as a middle power.[16]
-Peru has a population of 32 million,[17] which includes Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
+The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. It is classified as an emerging market with a high level of human development and an upper middle income level with a poverty rate around 19 percent. It is one of the region's most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9% and it has one of the world's fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America's Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration
+Peru has a population of 32 million, which includes Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.
 ==Timeline==
-*'''1524''' The Supreme Council of the West Indies was created.
+- The Supreme Council of the West Indies was created<br>
-*'''1532''' The Spanish conquered Peru.
+- The Spanish conquered Peru<br>
-*'''1535''' Lima was founded by Pizarro. The colonial governor was established.
+- Lima was founded by Pizarro. The colonial governor was established<br>
-*'''1538''' The earliest existing parish registers began.
+- The earliest existing parish registers began<br>
-*'''1551''' Dominican friars founded the University of San Marcos at Lima. The Council of Lima set rules for record keeping.
+- Dominican friars founded the University of San Marcos at Lima. The Council of Lima set rules for record keeping<br>
-*'''1564''' A papal bull required the keeping of parish registers.
+- A papal bull required the keeping of parish registers<br>
-*'''1568''' The Jesuits arrived in Peru.
+- The Jesuits arrived in Peru<br>
-*'''1570''' The Court of Holy Office of the Inquisition was founded in Lima.
+- The Court of Holy Office of the Inquisition was founded in Lima<br>
-*'''1718''' The smallpox epidemic struck Peru.
+- The smallpox epidemic struck Peru.
-*'''1798''' Chile attained complete autonomy.
+- Chile attained complete autonomy.
-*'''1821''' Peru declared independence from Spain, but it was not until 1826 that the Spanish Royal forces were finally defeated. The Department of Lima was created.
+- Peru declared independence from Spain, but it was not until 1826 that the Spanish Royal forces were finally defeated. The Department of Lima was created<br>
-*'''1822''' The old districts (partidos) became provinces (provincias), and almost all the parishes (parroquias) became districts (distritos). Today, Peru is divided into departments, provinces, and districts.
+- The old districts became provinces, and almost all the parishes became districts<br>
 The Family History Library has a few published histories for Peru. You can find histories in the FamilySearch Catalog under one of the following:
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 *Prescott, William H. History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1947. (FHL book 985 H2p; film number 0908188 items 1–2.)
-==Timeline==
 == Local Histories  ==